Midterm 1 Flashcards
(125 cards)
1
Q
What is the relationship between anatomy and physiology?
A
Both rely on each other. Form (anatomy) determines function (physiology).
2
Q
What is anatomy?
A
The study of the physical structure, morphology, or form of organisms or their parts.
3
Q
Anatomical terms are used to indicate: ___ and ___
A
Direction and location
4
Q
One word that defines anatomy?
A
Form
5
Q
What is physiology?
A
The branch of biology concerned with the way in which organisms, systems, organs, cells, organelles, and bio-molecules carry out their chemical or physical functions.
6
Q
One word defining physiology?
A
Function
7
Q
What are the four fields of anatomy?
A
- Gross anatomy
- Microscopic anatomy
- Developmental anatomy
- Applied anatomy
8
Q
Two fields of Gross Anatomy?
A
- Systemically : organ systems
- Regionally : look at area where something happens
9
Q
Two fields of Microscopic Anatomy?
A
- Cytology: study of cells
- Histology: study of tissues
10
Q
What is Developmental Anatomy?
A
The development from fertilization to maturity
11
Q
What is Applied Anatomy?
A
The structure and function
12
Q
Is Anatomy static or dynamic?
A
Static
13
Q
Is Physiology static or dynamic?
A
Dynamic
14
Q
Define Biochemistry.
A
The branch of science concerned with the structure characteristics, properties, and actions of the molecules involved in all of the chemical and physiochemical processes occurring within living organisms.
15
Q
True or False: It’s argued that biochemistry is essentially anatomy and physiology at the molecular level
A
True
16
Q
What is the smallest unit to carry out chemical reactions?
A
Molecules
17
Q
Situated in front of or in the front of another part
A
Anterior
18
Q
Pertaining to the head or anterior portion of the body
A
Cranial
19
Q
Situated or occurring near the oral or nasal region
A
Rostral
20
Q
Situated behind or toward the rear or behind another part
A
Posterior
21
Q
Pertaining to the tail or posterior portion of the body
A
Caudal
22
Q
Toward the belly
A
Ventral
23
Q
Toward the back surface of the body
A
Dorsal
24
Q
Pertaining to the middle; closer to the median plane or to the midline of the body or structure
A
Medial
25
Denoting a position farther from the median plane or midline of the body or of a structure
Lateral
26
List the organization of living organisms.
Molecules —> Organelles —> Cells —> Tissues —> Organs —> Organ Systems —> Organisms
27
What is a molecule?
Two or more atoms linked together, and the smallest unit to carry out chemical reactions
28
What is an organelle?
Specialized parts that make up cells
29
What is a cell?
Basic unit of life
30
What are tissues?
Group of cells similarly anatomically with specific functions
31
What are organs?
Group of two or more tissues that work together and carry out specific functions
32
What is an organ system?
Integration of different organs to carry out major functions
33
List the 4 tissues organs are made up of:
1. Nervous
2. Muscle
3. Connective
4. Epithelial
34
List the 11 organ systems:
1. Integumentary
2. Circulatory
3. Digestive
4. Endocrine
5. Excretory
6. Immune
7. Muscular
8. Nervous
9. Reproductive
10. Respiratory
11. Skeletal
35
What two organ systems does the pancreas use?
Endocrine and Digestive
36
What 2 organ systems does the heart use?
Cardiovascular and Muscular
37
What happens if one system does not do their job?
Other organ systems could not function properly or at all, and could lead to death.
38
What are the primary organs of the Integumentary System?
Skin and its derivatives (hair, feathers, nails)
39
What are the primary organs of the Muscular System?
Striated/Voluntary/Skeletal muscle (meat); Smooth/Visceral muscle; Cardiac muscle (tendons)
40
What is striated muscle?
Voluntary neural input
41
What is cardiac muscle?
Involuntary neural input, and only located in the heart
42
What are the primary organs of the Skeletal System?
Bones, cartilage, and ligaments
43
Primary organs of the Digestive System:
Esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine
44
Differences between ruminants and monogastrics:
Ruminants:
-have symbiotic relationship with microbes
-have volatile fatty acids to help balance energy
Monogastrics:
-do not have relationship with microbes
-use glucose to balance energy
45
Primary organs of the Cardiovascular System:
Heart, arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins
46
Primary organs of the Respiratory System:
Larynx, trachea, syrinx, primary bronchi, and lungs
47
What other primary organ do avians (birds) have that mammals do not?
Air sacs
48
How many air sacs do avians have?
7 or 9
49
Primary organs of the Excretory System:
Kidneys and ureters
50
What waste do mammals excrete out, and how much energy is required for this?
Urea and needs higher levels of water to excrete; does not need a lot of energy
51
What waste do avians excrete out, and how much energy is require for this?
Uric acid, and requires little water to rid it; needs higher energy levels to excrete
52
What do fish excrete out and how much energy is needed to do so?
Ammonia and are inefficient in using water to solubilite amino groups; needs little to no energy
53
Primary organs of the Nervous system:
Brain, spinal cord, motor, sensory neurons, and photoreceptors
54
Two primary organs that make up the Central Nervous System (CNS)
Brain and spinal cord
55
Primary organs of Endocrine System
Hypothal amus, pineal gland, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, ultimobranchial gland, pancreas, liver, ovaries, and testes
56
Primary organs of Reproductive System:
Hypothalamus, anterior pituitary and either testes, epididymis, vas deferens and papilla, or ovary and oviduct
57
What is artificial insemination?
Causes reproductive problems
58
What is oviparous?
Embryo is formed outside the body; example: chicken laying eggs
59
What is viviparous?
Embryo is formed inside the body; example: mammal (cow)
60
Primary organs of Immune System:
Thymus, spleen, Peyers patches in intestine, harderian gland in eye sockets, and bursa of fabricius in avians
61
What is metabolism?
Use of nutrients for maintenance, growth, and production
62
What is homeostasis?
Ability of an animal to maintain constant internal conditions and function under external fluctuating conditions; key for maintenance of life; negative feedback system
63
3 main components of feedback system:
1. Receptors
2. Control Center
3. Effector
64
2 sections of limbs:
1. Thoracic
2. Relvic
65
3 cavities of the cavity
1. Thoracic
2. Cranial
3. Abdominal
66
What are the six functions of the integumentary system?
1. Barrier between internal structures and external environments
2. Provides protection
3. Insulation-thermoregulation
4. Acts as receptors for sensory stimuli
5. Synthesis of Vitamin D
6. Non-verbal communication in animals
67
What does the skin provide protection from?
Chemicals, bacteria, UV, and dehydration
68
True or False: The integumentary system is the body’s largest organ.
True
69
When there is higher risk of injury, the skin will be _____, and when sensitivity is required, the skin will be ____.
Thicker; thin
70
What are the 3 skin layers?
1. Epidermis
2. Dermis
3. Hypodermis
71
What are the 4 types of cells in the epidermis?
1. Keratinocytes
2. Melanocytes
3. Langerhans cells
4. Merkel cells
72
Where are keratinocytes located?
Stratum corneum
73
Where are melanocytes located?
Stratum basale
74
Where are Langerhans cells located?
Stratum spinosum
75
Most abundant cell in the epidermis:
Keratinocytes
76
What do melanocytes do?
Produce melanin; more abundant=darker skin; less abundant=lighter skin
77
What are Langerhans cells?
Tissue-resident macrophages
78
What are Merkel cells?
Mechanoreceptors essential for light touch; sense touch and send signals to brain
79
What are the 5 layers of the Epidermis?
1. Stratum corneum
2. Stratum lucidum
3. Stratum granulosum
4. Stratum spinosum
5. Stratum basale
80
What two layers are part of Stratum Germinativum?
Stratum basale and Stratum spinosum
81
What are the 3 type of cells in the Dermis?
1. Fibroblasts
2. Microphages
3. Mast Cells
82
What do fibroblasts do?
Synthesize extracellular matrix and collagen; protein to produce elastin for elasticity; important for wound healing
83
What do microphages do?
Engulf and digest non-specific cells by phagocytosis; eat pathogens and destroy it
84
What are Mast Cells?
Cells of connective tissue high in histamine and heparin
85
What are the 3 layers of the Dermis?
1. Papillary
2. Dermal Papillae
3. Reticular
86
What is the Papillary layer?
The uppermost layer made of loosely arranged collagen fibers; provides nutrients to layers above it
87
What is the Dermal Papillae layer?
Small extensions of dermis into epidermis; helps in wound healing and hair/feather follicle repair
88
What is the Reticular layer?
Under the papillary; dense, irregular connective tissue; provides overall structure
89
What kind of tissue is the Hypodermis made up of?
Subcutaneous tissue/subcutis
90
3 cell types in the Hypodermis:
1. Fibroblasts
2. Adipose
3. Macrophages
91
What is cyanosis?
Poor oxygenation (blue-gray color)
92
What is erythema?
Inflammation; hypertension
93
What is pallor
Paleness
94
What is jaundice?
Liver disorder (looks yellowish inside animal)
95
What is bronzing?
Adrenal cortex problems (brownish color)
96
What is bruising?
Hematomas
97
What are the functions of hair?
1. Thermoregulation
2. Protection against injury
3. Input of touch
98
What is the structure of hair?
1. Shaft
2. Root
3. Follicle
4. Papillae
5. Erect pili
6. Oil glands
7. Hair receptor
99
What layer of the skin is the hair follicle found in?
Dermal layer
100
What 3 things control hair growth?
1. Hormones
2. Neuropeptides
3. Immune cells
101
What does homeotherm mean?
Warm-blooded animals that control body temperature
102
What does poikilotherm mean?
Cold-blooded animals that cannot control body temperature
103
What are the 5 skin glands?
1. Oil
2. Sweat
3. Scent
4. Mammary
5. Ceruminous
104
What are the functions of the Circulatory System?
1. Transports products and wastes
2. Removes waste products from cells to areas of excrement
3. Regulates body tissue water content
4. Regulates body temperature
105
What are the 3 vessels?
1. Arteries
2. Veins
3. Capillaries
106
What do arteries do?
Carries oxygenated blood
107
What do veins do?
Carry non-oxygenated blood
108
What do capillaries do?
Connect arterioles with venules, and exchange fluids and metabolites
109
List these from largest to smallest: arterioles, arteries, and arterial capillaries
1. Arteries
2. Arterioles
3. Arterial Capillaries
110
List these from smallest to largest: venules, venous capillaries, and veins
1. Venous Capillaries
2. Venules
3. Veins
111
What are the 3 capillary types?
1. Continuous
2. Fenestrated
3. Discontinuous
112
What are the 4 valves of the heart?
1. Aortic
2. Pulmonary
3. Left Atrioventricular
4. Right Atrioventricular
113
What are the 2 divided sections of the heart?
1. Systemic
2. Pulmonary
114
What does the systemic side of the heart do?
Receives and distributes oxygenated blood, and has oxygen converted into carbon dioxide
115
What happens in the pulmonary side of the heart?
Carbon dioxide is converted into oxygen
116
What is the difference between tricuspid and bicuspid?
Tricuspid have 3 flaps, and bicuspid has 2 flaps
117
The pulmonary artery carries ______ blood away from the heart.
Deoxygenated
118
What are the 2 cardia outputs?
1. Heart rate
2. Stroke volume
119
What are the hearts 3 main layers?
1. Peri Cardium (outer)
2. Myo Cardium
3. Endo Cardium (inner-lining)
120
What are the percentages of mass between the four chambers of the heart?
1. Right atrium: 5%
2. Left atrium: 5%
3. Right ventricle: 20%
4. Left ventricle: 70%
121
What is vasoconstriction?
Decrease in diameter of vessels
122
What is vasodilation?
Increase in diameter of vessels
123
What are the 4 coronary vessels?
1. Right coronary artery
2. Left coronary artery
3. Right coronary vein
4. Left coronary vein
124
What are portal systems?
2 capillary beds connected by portal vein
125
What are the 2 portal systems?
1. Hepatic
2. Renal
