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FYSM 1607 > MIdterm 1 > Flashcards

MIdterm 1 Flashcards

(70 cards)

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1
Q

What is a Percept?

A

representation before something is known

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2
Q

What is a Concept?

A

representation after something is known

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3
Q

How does the brain fulfill its beneficial functions?

A

it builds models of reality and acts on them
it interprets then organizes to produce meaningful representations.

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4
Q

Why did the brain evolve?

A

for adaptive benefit

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5
Q

Mental maps of concepts are not…?

A

100% accurate, it is meant to help us understand reality better and gives explanatory power.

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6
Q

What is a theory?

A

scientific theories are explanations of aspects of the natural world that have been proved through experiments and testing

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7
Q

Greek philosophers believed?

A

observations could be accounted for by natural explanations rather than supernatural

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8
Q

Who was the first philosopher and what did he believe?

A

Thales, he believed that causes of nature are natural and not supernatural

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9
Q

Theories of what caused physical realm of disease used to be?

A

demons, witches and curses

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10
Q

Theories of what caused psychological realm of disease used to be?

A

demons and spirits.

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11
Q

What is natural causality

A

A belief that all events can be traced to natural causes that we can comprehend (natural causality).

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12
Q

What is Cognitivism

A

the belief of thinking of living things as storing and processing information rather than as responding mechanically to stimuli. “We are information processing machines”

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13
Q

What is Aristotelian Philosophy

A

We should observe reality and reason according to it. Universe’s design was orderly and that rational design had a rational function. Should change thoughts if evidence suggests otherwise
He also believed the brain functioned as a radiator to cool “warm hearts”

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14
Q

What is Logic

A

The study of how to evaluate arguments and reasoning

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15
Q

What is Mathematical Logic

A

It was pioneered by philosopher mathematicians that were inspired by Aristotle/Leibniz’s dream of a universal concept language

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16
Q

Why is Philosophy important to Comp Sci

A

It teaches you how to analyze complex concepts and interconnections between them and how to express concepts elegantly and precisely in written form

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17
Q

Who was George Boole

A

George Boole created boolean logic which provided general symbolic methods of logical inference. His goal was to investigate fundamental laws and operations of the human mind

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18
Q

Who invented the concept of the algorithm

A

Al-Khwarismi

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19
Q

Who started formal logic

A

Medhatithi Gautama, formal logic started in India

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20
Q

Who was Leibniz

A

Believed human reasoning could be reduced to calculations. Enunciated the principal properties of logical operations

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21
Q

Who was Gottlob Frege

A

Considered to be father of analytic philosophy, invented axiomatic predicate logic and quantified variables.

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22
Q

What was the Renaissance

A

Catholic church burnt down places of knowledge causing Europe to go into dark ages. Books of knowledge were translated into European languages and with this ideas began to grow in Europe once more

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23
Q

What is Cartesian Dualism

A

View that the mind and brain are 2 distinct types of substance

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24
Q

What is introspection:

A

looking within ourselves to observe the content of our major lives

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25
What are psychology's roots in?
Philosophy and Physiology
26
What is Operant Conditioning?
Making behaviour more or les likely to happen
27
Problems with Behaviourism?
Understanding mental entities are essential to understanding and predicting behaviour
28
What is Psychological theory
-It describes behaviour -makes predictions of future behaviours -must have evidence to support ideas -must be testable
29
What is Empiricism
it is the theory that knowledge that asserts knowledge is gained through experience
30
if it is real it will react with reality...?
lawfully, reliably, and predictably
31
What is the Burden of Proof?
It is when you stand on the default that something is false until proven true, responsibility of person making the claim is to prove it, all claims require evidence.
32
What is the Null Hypothesis?
it is the default position that there is no relationship between 2 variables.
33
What is Declarative Knowledge?
"Knowledge what?" eg. bike = transport
34
What is Procedural Knowledge?
"Knowledge how?" eg. if bike - then pedal
35
How did Skinner view how children learnt language?
-Children learn by reinforcement -Correct utterances are positively reinforced Chomsky believed this was wrong, and that stimulus was not enough to explain it
36
What is the Poverty of Stimulus?
information required to learn language in is not present in the environment and that it must be an innate mechanism in human brain. rules of language are too rich to learn by imitation from environment.
37
What is the Language Acquisition Device?
it is an intrinsic mental capacity that enables to acquire and produce language, humans are born with innate facility for acquiring language
38
What is a paradigm shift?
Fundamental change in basic concepts and experimental practices of a scientific discipline. Happens when old/dominant paradigm are not compatible with new phenomena
39
What is the Computational Theory of Mind
it is the theory that states that the mind is like a computer, a turing machine, where the core mental processes are like computations. The mind inputs data, stores within internal memory, transforms information by rules and produces intelligent outputs
40
What is Multiple Realizability?
The idea that the same mental states can be implemented by different physical properties (It is not necessarily a transfer of consciousness but a copy of consciousness)
41
What are internal representations?
Can be anything such as thoughts, beliefs, desires perceptions, etc. Representations can refer to mental models of reality information processing depends on internal representations.
42
What are Newell's Level
-Knowledge Level (Representations)/ Top level: Concepts that represent properties of a system Declarative Knowledge is here -Computational Level (Operations)/ Middle Level: Computational operations that carry out a task Procedural Knowledge is here -Neural level (Hardware)/ Bottom Level: Physical hardware responsible for processing information
43
What is a Turing Machine?
an abstract device intended to help investigate the principles of computation and limitations of what could be computed
44
What is the Content/Vehicle Distinction?
All representations are a vehicle and the meaning it represents its content. Mental representations have content. Symbols act as vehicles that contain meaningful content
45
What is Intentionality
It is the distinguishinmg feature of mental phenomena, mental entities are not for themselves , they stand for something else (aboutness)
46
What is a Symbol
A pattern that denotes something humans can interpret
47
What is the Physical Symbol System Hypothesis and what are its 4 basic ideas?
it is a theory of how symbols work 1. Symbols are patterns 2. Symbols can be combined with one another 3. Physical symbol systems contain processes for manipulating complex symbol structures 4. These processes cam be represented by symbols and symbol structures within the systems
48
What is a discrete state machine?
machine that is in an one of a finite state at a given time
49
what is the Classical Computational Theory of Mind
The belief that the nature of the mind is computational in nature, Neurons generate computations that produce intelligence
50
What is No Relevant Difference
in order to justify treating two entities morally differently, there has to be a relevant difference between those two entities.
51
What does Philosophy contribute to cognitive science?
1. Generates testable hypothesis 2. integrates a wide range of empirical results into a broad theoretical picture 3. contributes to conceptual clarity 4. can provide thought experiments
52
2 important features of functional states are?
1. Mental states can be realized in multiple ways 2. Are characterized relationally in terms of the role they play in a wider system
53
what is an algorithm?
finite set if unambiguous rules that can be applied to an object to transform it in a finite amount of times
54
Type 2 processes are?
Slow, conscious, controlled knowledge is retrieved into working memory and directs procedural knowledge on how to act
55
Type 1 processes are?
fast, unconscious, automatica feeling is help in working memory and causes procedural knowledge to act it out
56
Connectionism is?
neurons transmit signals to one another and fire when limit exceedes threshold brain involves networks of individual neurons with synaptic connections between them that send electrical signals of varying strengths
57
If input is excitatory then?
units move towards activity
58
if input is inhibitory then?
units move away from activity
59
Hebbian Network is?
When 2 neurons fire together the weight between them increases and decreases when they activate seperately
60
What is the Violation of the Laws of Coservation
It is when mental events can cause physical events since there is an increase of energy when there is no decrease
61
What is the Mind-Brain Identity Theory
Every type of mental state exists is identical to a type of brain state "The mind is what the brain does"
62
How do we know brain generates the mind
brain injuries impact function
63
What kind of brain activity can we measure?
-EEG (electroencephalography): electrical activity frim neurochemical messaging (action potentials) -BOLD(blood-oxygenation level dependant): where blood has metabolized in brain
64
What is modularity of the mind?
The theory states human minds consist iof specialized mental modules. each module is responsible for processing specific types of info and cognitive functions. Modules operate independently
65
What is information encapsulation?
The fact that modules cannot access info elsewhere other than it's own system
66
what is the representational theory of the mind
Psychological explanations express relations among mental states (thoughts, beliefs, desires, and action).
67
What are symbols?
Symbols are physical objects with semantic (meaningful) properties
68
What is the difference between the RTM and the CTM
RTM: states mental states are representations of external and internal reality, emphasizing the content of mental representations CTM: focuses on processes that manipulate mental representations, highlighting computational operations and algorithms underlyinf congitive functions
69
What does procedural knowledge not have?
Semantic Memory
70
How are symbols possible in a connectionist system?
Training gives rise to new representations called clusters in a state space (distributed representations)

FYSM 1607 (2 decks)

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