midterm 1 Flashcards
(209 cards)
1
Q
list the order of life
A
1- the biosphere
2- ecosystems
3- community
4- populations
5- organisms
6. organs
7. tissues
8. cells
9. organelles
10. molecules
2
Q
what is the organism’s basic unit of structure and function
A
cells
3
Q
what is the smallest unit of organization capable oof preforming all the activities for life
A
cells
4
Q
what do all cells have in common
A
enclosed by a membrane
use dna as genetic information
5
Q
all life is based on…
A
heritable information
6
Q
all forms of life use the same …
A
genetic code
7
Q
life require the …
A
transfer and transformation of energy and matter
8
Q
energy exchange involves …
A
transformation of energy from one form to another
9
Q
structure provides …
A
clues about function
10
Q
function provides …
A
INSIGHT INTO construction
11
Q
form fits…
A
function!
12
Q
structural organization of cells
A
atoms then molecules then cells q
13
Q
atoms are the …
A
foundation
14
Q
molecules are formed by …
A
combination of atoms )lipids proteins etc
15
Q
cells are formed by …
A
combination of molecules
16
Q
cells represent…
A
the lowest structural level capable of preforming life
17
Q
matter is made up of …
A
atoms
18
Q
what was eric betzig involed in
A
the optical revolution
19
Q
the optical revolution was invented by
A
eric betzig
20
Q
1m=?mm
A
1000
21
Q
1mm=?um
A
1000
22
Q
1um=?nm
A
1000
23
Q
1nm=?pm
A
1000
24
Q
o.1nm=? Angstrom
A
1
25
water is ...
essential for life
26
cell composition ...
70-95%water
carbon-based monlecules= the rest
27
elements cannot...
be broken down into another substance
28
how many natural
elements are there
92
29
how many elements are essential to life
25%
30
trace elements ....
FE, I, Zn, Cu
31
__% of living matter is made up from _ elements
96, 4
32
what are the 4 elements that make up most of living matter
c, o, n, h
33
atoms are the ...
smallest unit of chemical elements
34
compounds are
molecules made up of two or more elements in a fixed ratio
35
atoms use what to form molecules and compounds
chemical bonds
36
what are strong bonds
covalent and ionic bonds
37
what is covalent bonds
sharing of electrons by two atoms
38
what type of molecules have covalent bonds
polar and nonpolar molecules
39
what are weak bonds
hydrogen bonds
40
nonpolar=
equal sharing of electrons
equal electronegativity
41
polar=
unequal sharing of electrons
unequal electronegativity
42
ionic bonds is the
transfer of elevtrons between two atoms
43
ex of ionic bond
NaCl
44
what are ionic bonds held by
electrostatic interaction
45
hydrophilic substances
affinity for water
46
what do most hydrophilic substances have
polar or ionic bonds that can form hydrogen bonds
47
hydrophobid substances
repels water
48
most hydrophobic substances have
nonpolar covalent bond
49
waxes are ...
HYDROPHOBIC
50
most lipids are
HYDROPHOBIC
51
in water the two H atoms are ....
covalently bonded to one O atom
52
cohesion is
the interaction between water molecules
53
ribosomes have 2 parts name them
large subunit and small subunit
54
a water molecule can have how many partners...
FOUR
55
what makes ice less dense than water
lattice structure due to hydrogen bonds
56
a substance in which another substance dissolves in
solvent
57
a dissolves substance
solute
58
mixture of solute and solvent
solution
59
when an ion dissolves in water what forms q
hydration shell
60
what is the dominat bonds in lipids
c-c and c-h which are nonpolar with equal sharing of electrons
61
equation for water dissociation
h20 --> (h+) +(oh-)
62
what is the sign of pure water
h+=oh-
63
most biological solutions do not have what?
equal amounts of h+ and oh-
64
acids...
increase the proton concentration of a solution
65
bases...
decrease the proton concentration of a solution
66
what is the change between every ph level
10x
tenfold
67
buffers...
resist change in ph of a solution
68
what actions can buffers do?
donat H+ when basic
or donate oh-/or accept h+ when acidic
69
what is the ph of human blood
7.4
70
what are the buffers in blood q
carbonic acid and bicarbonate
71
what is optimal range for blood ph
7.37-7.43
72
know the equation for carbonic acid
h2co3 <=> (Hco3)- + (H+)
73
monomer to proteins
amino acids
74
polymer to proteins
polypeptide
75
what bonds do polymers have
covalent bonds between monomers
76
what is a polypeptide
polymer of AAs in specific sequence
77
what is a protein
one or more polypeptide with specific 3-D conformation
78
write the sequence of how proteins are made small to large
amino acids, polypeptides, proteins
79
what is the exception to all enzymes are proteins
rna
80
what are all proteins made of
amino acids
81
how many amino acids are there
20
82
what is the structure of all amino acids
r-group
amino group
carbonxyl group
83
what part of the amino acid coud be positive inside the cell
the amino group
84
what gives amino acids its acid part
carboxyl goup can become acid q
85
what is special about cyesteine (hint: it's an amino acid)
wealky polar that sometimes is called nonpolar
86
what reaction creates polypeptides
dehydration reactions join amino acids
87
what is the amino acid end called of a polypeptide
N terminus
88
what is the carboxyl end of a polypeptide called
C terminus
89
what will the ends of a polypetide look like
N terminus (amino group)
C terminus (carboxyl group)
90
what allows for dehydration
enzymes
91
what is the primary sequence
amino acid sequence
92
what are the levels of structure in a SINGLE polypeptide
primary
secondary
tertiary
93
what is secondary structure
hydrogen bonds by atoms in the polypeptide backbone between nucleotides
94
what are two types of secondary structure
alpha helix and Beta bleated sheat
95
what does an alpha helix resemble
coils
96
what does a beta strand resemble
a pleated sheet
97
what is a hydrogen bond?
H bonding with another element FROM a different molecule
98
What is tertiary structure
r- group interaction that determine overall structure of the polypeptide
99
what are the WEAK types of bonds in tertiary structure
hydrogen
100
list the cell composition
70-95% water
rest carbon based compounds `
101
carbon has how many valence electrons
4 meaning it can have 4 other atoms
102
what are the possible variables of variation in carbon skeletons
- length
- branching
- double bond position
- ring structure
103
why are functional groups called functional
bc they give their molecule unique properties
104
what type of bond is in a hydroxyl
polar covalent bond
105
what is an alternate name for hydroxyl
alcohol
106
what are ketones
carbonyl groups in the middle of a sugar
107
what are aldehydes
carbonyl groups at the end of a sugar
108
what is carboxyl
A WEAK ACID
109
amino group can be a
base
110
sulfhydryl group compoud name
thiol
111
-SH group can form
DISULFIDE bond very strong
112
-sh is midly
polar
113
Methyl group compound name
methylated compound
114
ch3- is very
stable and nonpolar
115
ch3- can affect
the expression of gene when interect with DNA
116
phosphate group has a
NEGATIVE CHATGE
117
Phosphate group is important in
releasing energy
118
what is VERY important abt dehydration and hydrolysis
NOT SPONTANEOUS
119
dehydration synthesis
releases a water to join molecules together
120
what is the simplest carbohydrate
monosaccharides
121
what is the main fuel of cellular respiration
glucose
122
what serves as raw material for synthesis of other molecules like amino acids and fatty acids
carbon skeletons
123
WHAT BOND is FOUND IN A disaccharide
glycosidic linkages
124
lactose is made of
glucose + galactose
125
why are people lactose intolerant
they cannot hydrolyze lactose bc lack enzyme lactase
126
polysaccharides have what two functions
structure and energy storage
127
what is an example of a polysaccharide structural
cellulose, used in plant cell walls
128
give all energy storage examples (polysacchardies)
starch in plants
glycogen in animals
129
which polysaccharides can we not hydrolyze
CELLULOSE
130
why can cows digest cellulose
they have bacteria in their gut that break it down for them- sometime they cant get antibotics when sick bc it kills the bacteria
131
what are the three forms of lipids?
fats
phospjolipids
steriods
132
what is a fat
glycerol combined with 3 fatty acids
133
what connects fatty acids to glycerol
ESTER LINKAGE
134
what is a fatty acid
carboxylic acid with an aliphatic chain
135
saturated fats have
no c-c double bonds
usually solid at room temp
136
unsaturated fats have
c-c double bond usually liquid at room temp
137
how to convert unsaturated to saturated fat
hydrogenate- add hydrogen to allow solidification
138
what produces trans fats
the process of hydrogenating oils
139
structure of phospholipid
glycerol + 2 fatty acid + phosphate group (+ sometimes choline or serine)
140
steroid are
carbon skeletons with 4rings
141
ex of steroid
cholesterol
142
cholesterol is a precursor to
testoserone and estrogen
143
how thick is the plasma membrane
8nm thick
144
the plasma membrane is '
FLUID and AMPHIPATHIC
145
what can some organisms do on demand to their plasma membrane
change the lipid composition (fluidity)
146
what type of movement can phospholipids drift in
the more often have lateral movement (side by side) or flip flop (opposite side) much less often
147
what are phospholipids held together by
weak hydrophobic interactions
148
cholesterol
stabilizes membrane fluidity
149
HIV cannot infect a cell
that is lacking CCR5
150
HIV mimics the
structure and conformation of natural ligands for CD4 and CCR5
151
proteins can move ....
laterally in the membrane
think abt the mouse + human cell combo after 1 hr
152
in which tube does water flow out of the cell- hyper, hypo or iso
hyper and iso
153
how does water flow across the membrane of an animal cell
osmosis, facilitated diffusion, aquaporin
154
malfunctioning of aquaporin is associated with
many diseases of the kidney, skeletal muscle, and other organs
155
THE MEMBRANE IS
selectively permeable
156
diffusion of water across a permeable membrane is called
OSMOSIS
157
what are the 3 types of traffic across the membrane
1) direct passage through
2) passage mediated by transport proteins
- passive or active
3) vericular transport or bulk transport
158
two types of passive transport : facilitated diffusion
channel protein or carrier protein
159
electrogenic pump creates
voltage across a membrane
160
ALL TRANSPORT PROTEINS INVOLVED IN ACTIVE TRANSPORT ARE
CARRIER PROTEINS
161
in sodium potassium pump describe movement
3 na's outside cell
2 ka inside the cell
162
cotransport
gradient generated by one molecule drives the active transport of another
163
animal cell example of cotransport
glucose uses na+'s gradient to travel against its gradient
164
exocytosis adds
new components to the plasma membrane
165
pinocytosis and receptor mediates endocytosis has
coated vesicles
166
pseudopodium of phagocytosis is powered by
microfilaments
167
what is a specific example of receptor mediated endocytosis
the uptake of cholesterol
168
functions of cytoskeleton in eukaryotic cells
structural support and mobility (interaction with motor protein)
169
which elements of the cytoskeleton are polarized
microtubles and microfilaments
170
microfilament and microtubles display
a + end and a - end
171
IF are more
stable and permenent
172
MF and MT are ___ assembly
rapid ... bc are more dynamic
173
the turgid nature of a plant cell is important for
non- woody plants
174
exocytosis is base dependent on what?
CALCIUM
175
microfilaments is made of what filaments
ACTIN
176
microfiliments structure
two intertwined strands of actin
177
in microfilaments describe assembly and disassembly
subunits added at the positive end
subunits subtracted at the positive end
178
ex of microfilaments
microvili increase absorbing area of intestinal cells and their shap is maintained by MF
179
MF function in regards to muscle
contraction of mucle actin and myosin
180
the crawling movement of a cell is mediated by
the interaction of myosin motors and microfilaments that alternate polymerization and depolymerization
181
lamellipodium is
cytoskeletal protein actin projection on the leading edge of the cell- drives cell movement
182
filopodium functions as an
antennae for cells to probe their environment.
183
describe the structure of intermediate filaments
supercoiled into thick cables - contains all different types of proteins
184
what are the functions of intermediate filaments
cell shape, resist tension, cell and nuclear anchorage, and formation of nuclear lamina
185
a mutation in what causes progeria
lamin mutations
186
what is progeria
disease that causes accelerated aging in humans
187
what does lamin mutations lead to alterations in
nuclear disassembly and assembly during cell division, abnormal nuclear architecture, and defective chromosome organization
188
structure of microtubules
hollow cylindrical rods, made of tubulin dimers
189
where do cytoplasmic tubules grow out from
centrosomes
190
which end of a microtubule is the growing tip
positive end is the growing end
191
function of microtubules
cell shape and organization of cytoplasmic components, track for cellular components (vesicles, chromosome movements require interaction with motor proteins)`
192
kinesins move towars the _ end of the MT
positive
193
Dyneins move toward the __ end of the MT
negative
194
in animals the centrosome has ....
two centrioles
195
motor proteins require ...
energy aka atp
196
motor proteins are
ATPases (a group of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of a phosphate bond in adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to form adenosine diphosphate (ADP)
197
what motion do motor proteins have
retrograde motion
198
cilia and flagella have what specific structure
9 to 2 ring
199
what describes the movement of cilia and flagella
whipping movement
200
most abundant thing in the extracellular matrix
collagen
201
integrins are
a type of plasma membrane protein
202
fibronectin is a
EMC protein that links with integrins facilitating crosstalk between cell and its environment
203
Mitochondria and chloroplasts are ....
energy transformers of the cell
enclosed in double membranes
semiautonomous
location not fixed (can move around)
204
the separating and fusing capabilities of mitochondria and chloroplasts show that they are
DYNAMIC
205
peroxisomes are single...
membraned
206
peroxisome functions
breaks down fatty acids and detoxification of alcohol and other poisons
207
what is a byproduct of peroxisomes
H202 hydrogen peroxide
208
peroxisome enzymes convert H202 into
Water and oxygen
209
what is the structure of peroxisomes
crystalloid structure
