Midterm 1

Question 1

Physical Activity

Answer 1

any body movement produced by skeletal muscles that expends energy beyond resting levels (more than 1.5 MET)

Question 2

Exercise

Answer 2

leisure time PA that is planned, structured, and repeated over time

Question 3

Describe behavioural economics

Answer 3

Motivation can be predicted by expected outcomes and value placed on the behaviour (expectancy-value approach)

Choices are made based on 1) low cost 2) highly reinforcing/high gain

Question 4

What is Self-efficacy

Answer 4

The belief in your ability to successfully perform a task based on its demands

Question 5

What factors impact Self Efficacy from least to highest degree of influence

Answer 5

Affective/Physiological state
Social Persuasion
Vicarious Experience
Past performance

Question 6

Self efficacy impacts what?

Answer 6

Affect - how you feel abt the activity
Behaviour - whether you engage in it
Cognition - your expectation, attitude, beliefs abt the behaviour

Question 7

What are the types of Self Efficacy

Answer 7

Task SE - perceived ability to do the task
Barrier SE - perceived ability to overcome barriers
Scheduling SE - perceived ability to schedule in the behaviour
Coping SE - perceived ability to handle life situations

Question 8

What are the limitations of the Self Efficacy Theory ?

Answer 8

• Not good at predicting the maintenance of habitual behaviour (best predicts novel/challenging behaviour)
• increases in SE do not necessarily apply to other behaviours
• too much SE sets u up for failure

Question 9

What is the predictor of bwhaviour according to the Theory of Planned Behaviour

Answer 9

Intention

Question 10

What factors impact intention

Answer 10

1 - Attitudes
2 - Subjective norms
3 - perceived behavioural control

Question 11

Describe how attitude impacts intention

Answer 11

Attitude is how someomne feels abt the behaviour
gains/losses
how important are the outcomes

Question 12

Describe how Social norms impacts intention

Answer 12

degree to which someone feels social pressure to do a behaviour

Question 13

Describe how Perceived behavioural control impacts intention

Answer 13

evaluation of barriers and facilitators and your power or ability to control them

Question 14

What are the strengths and limitations of the theory of planned behaviour

Answer 14

• it does a good job explaining intentions to exercise
• attitudes have a stronger impact on intention than SN PBC
• does a poor job at actually explaining behaviours (intention to behaviour gap)

Question 15

What aspect of motivation does SDT place on emphasis on compared to TPB

Answer 15

it says that the type/quality of behaviour is equally as important as the strength of motivation (TPB places emphasis on strength of motivation)

Question 16

What is the first piece to the SDT?

Answer 16

Basic Psychological needs - Autonomy, competence, relatedness

Question 17

What is the second piece to the SDT?

Answer 17

Motivation (extrinsic/intrinsic) and their sub categories

Question 18

Basic Psychological needs

Answer 18

Autonomy - independence, feeling in control and like u have a choice
Competence - mastery experience and feeling like ur good at smt
Relatedness - feeling connected to others and like u matter

Question 19

What are the types of extrinsic motivation from amotivation to intrinsic and explain.

Answer 19

Amotivation
External regulation –operant conditioning so motivated by rewards/punishment

Introjected regulation - self imposed pressure or making someone disappointed

Identified Regulation - Doing it for the outcome not behaviour

Integrated regulation - Do it becomes it has become part of sense of self

Question 20

Theories attempt to predict/explain…

Answer 20

Why a behaviour/ phenomenon occurs

Question 21

Whats the connection between the transtheoretical model and decisional balance/self efficacy

Answer 21

As you shift through the stages there is a shift from higher cons and lower pros to more pros and less cons

self-efficacy increases as you shift through the stages

Question 22

What are the 5 stages in the Transtheoretical Model?

Answer 22

Pre-contemplation: unaware of the problem
Contemplation: aware of problem, desired to change behaviour
Preparation: Intends to take action to change behaviour
Action: practices the desired behaviour
Maintenance: works to sustain behaviour change

Question 23

Limitations about the transtheoretical model
is it still in use?

Answer 23

It doesn’t fully explain the mechanism by which people change their exercise behaviour and move across stages
its constructs cannot reliably predict which stage someone will move to and when
it’s no longer used in research but counsellors may still use it bc it’s simple and straight forward

Question 24

what makes the social ecological model different from the social cognitive theories?

Answer 24

It considers the individual to be part of a bigger picture whereas SCT’s consider the individual to be the sole determinant of behaviour

Question 25

What factors are part of the social ecological model explain.

Answer 25

1 - Individual 2 - Physical Activity Domains 3 - Interpersonal Factors 4 - Physical Environment 5 - Policy

Question 26

What are the benefits and limitations of the social ecological model?

Answer 26

Gives us an understanding of the multiple levels of influence ('big picture') An environmental approach to behaviour change Feasibility and cost of implementation > If we build it, will they come? * Providing the resources does not mean that people will automatically become more physically active

Question 27

What are the assumptions of the self determination theory?

Answer 27

1 - Human behaviours are volitional 2 - Humans strive for psychological growth/development

Question 28

What factors increase the effectiveness of monetary incentives?

Answer 28

1 - immediate delivery (within 7 days of behaviour) 2 - delivery for a long duration (at least 24 weeks) 3 - Individualized/Realistic goals (10-15% baseline) 4 - Target less active people

Question 29

What are the stages for designing an exercise intervention?

Answer 29

1 - Understand the behaviour 2 - Identify intervention options 3 - Identify intervention content and implementation options 4 - Evaluate the impact of the intervention

Question 30

What are the steps in stage 1: Understanding the behaviour

Answer 30

step 1: Identify the target behaviour and population so what PA behaviour are you trying to change and who is the target population/individual for the intervention Step 2: Conduct a behavioural analysis & diagnosis to determine what factors need to change for behaviour to occur

Question 31

What are the 6 behavioural determinants?

Answer 31

Capability - Physical (skills, stamina, strength) and Psychological (mental capacity, knowledge) Opportunity - Social (influences, social cues, social norms) and Physical (time, resources, built environment) Motivation - Reflective (planning, intentions, evaluating outcomes) and Automatic (emotional reactions, impulses, desires)

Question 32

What are the steps for stage 2: Identify Intervention Options

Answer 32

step 1 - Select intervention functions step 2 -Select policy categories (which are approaches used by stake holders to support or establish interventions)

Question 33

Social Influence

Answer 33

Real or imagined pressure to change ones behaviour, attitudes, or beliefs

Question 34

Social Support

Answer 34

Perceived care, assistance, comfort, etc that person receives from others reflected in SIZE of social network and in amount/type of support received

Question 35

5 Types of Social Support

Answer 35

Instrumental Support Emotional Support Informational Support Companionship Support Validation Support

Question 36

behavioural reactance

Answer 36

when individual perceives significant others to exert social control rather than social support

Question 37

What are factors of exercise groups that may undermine exercise-related thoughts, feelings, behaviours

Answer 37

Group Cohesion Group Size Group Composition

Question 38

WHat are the 2 key elements of geroup cohesion

Answer 38

Task - liking the group activity/goal Social - liking the group memebers outside of exercise

Question 39

What are the four aspects you take into account for group cohesion?

Answer 39

Individual attraction to the group (task) and attraction to the group (social) group integration (task) and social

Question 40

what happens as group size increases ?

Answer 40

perceived group cohesion and exercise satisfaction decreases bc small group : you feel like you matter more, increases in SE, better relatedness and PBC, also more individual attention big group: less identifiability, lower quality of interactions, more crowded

Question 41

How does group composition play into adherence and stufF?

Answer 41

If group is perceived to be on equal footing and share characteristics and physical ability = greater adherence

Question 42

social facilitation

Answer 42

people exercise at higher intensity if others are around

Question 43

the built environment is comprised of what type of features

Answer 43

Functional features (structural stuff impacting what you can acc use-- pathways, bikelanes, sidewalk, etc.) Safety (rails, lighting, fencing, security cameras) Aesthetic (interesting and pleasing -- trees flowers) Destination (availability of places people can walk/bike to in hood ++ proximity of gyms, playground, active places)

Question 44

BCT's must be...

Answer 44

Observable Replicable Irreducible

Question 45

In stage 3: Identify intervention content and implementation options what are the steps?

Answer 45

Select a behaviour change technique Select mode of BCT delivery

Question 46

what is the REAIM framework for evaluating interventions?

Answer 46

Reach -did it reach the people we wanted it to and who were they Effectiveness/efficacy - what were the positive and negative consequences of the int. Adoption - who adopted it and who didnt, what were their characteristics Implementation - how well was the intervention delivered? were instructions followed Maintenance - how well was intervention sustained over time