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Networking Fundamentals > Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is an intranet?

Networks

A

A private network used within an organization.

Networks

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2
Q

What is an extranet?

Networks

A

An extension of an intranet that allows limited access to external parties.

Networks

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3
Q

What is an internet?

Networks

A

A global network connecting millions of devices and networks worldwide.

Networks

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4
Q

What are end devices?

Network devices

A

Devices that initiate or consume network services, e.g., computers, smartphones.

Network devices

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5
Q

What are intermediary devices?

Network devices

A

Devices that facilitate data forwarding, e.g., routers, switches.

Network devices

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6
Q

What are services?

Network devices

A

Network functions like DNS, DHCP, and firewalls.

Network devices

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7
Q

What does Star mean?

Network Topologies

A

All devices connect to a central hub or switch.

Network Topologies

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8
Q

What does ring mean?

Network Topologies

A

Devices are connected in a circular fashion.

Network Topologies

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9
Q

What does a Bus mean?

Network Topologies

A

All devices share a single communication line.

Network Topologies

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10
Q

What is Manchester encoding?

Signal Encoding

A

A combination of clock and data signals to transmit information.

Signal Encoding

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11
Q

What is 8B/10B?

Signal Encoding

A

A code used for high-speed serial data transmission.

Signal Encoding

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12
Q

What is NRZ?

Signal Encoding

A

(Non-Return-to-Zero): A basic binary encoding scheme.

Signal Encoding

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13
Q

What is NRZI?

Signal Encoding

A

(Non-Return-to-Zero Inverted): Encodes based on changes in signal voltage.

Signal Encoding

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14
Q

What is a Coax Cable?

Media Types

A

Thick, insulated cable often used for cable TV and networking.

Media Types

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15
Q

What is a UTP?

Media Types

A

(Unshielded Twisted Pair): Common for Ethernet connections, with four pairs of twisted wires.

Media Types

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16
Q

What is a STP?

Media Types

A

(Shielded Twisted Pair): Similar to UTP but with additional shielding for reduced interference.

Media Types

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17
Q

What is Fiber Optic?

Media Types

A

Uses light pulses for high-speed data transmission, immune to electrical interference.

Media Types

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18
Q

Intranet

Describe the characterisitics

Characteristics

A

Private, limited access, secure, and used within an organization.

Characteristics

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19
Q

Extranet

Describe the characterisitics

Characteristics

A

Extended intranet, with controlled access for external parties.

Characteristics

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20
Q

Internet

Describe the characterisitics

Characteristics

A

Global, public, accessible by anyone, and connected worldwide.

Characteristics

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21
Q

Star Topology

Describe the characterisitics

Characteristics

A

Centralized, easy to manage, but reliant on the central hub.

Characteristics

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22
Q

Ring Topology

Describe the characterisitics

Characteristics

A

Redundancy, equal data access, but a break can disrupt the network.

Characteristics

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23
Q

Bus Topology

Describe the characterisitics

Characteristics

A

Simple, cost-effective, but a failure can impact the entire network.

Characteristics

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24
Q

Signal Encoding

Describe the characterisitics

Characteristics

A

Techniques for transmitting data over a network medium.

Characteristics

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25
Media Types | Describe the characterisitics ## Footnote Characteristics
Different cables or mediums for data transmission. ## Footnote Characteristics
26
Layer 7 - Application ## Footnote OSI model layers
- **Purpose:** Provides network services directly to end-users or applications. - **Protocols:** HTTP, SMTP, FTP.
27
Layer 6 - Presentation: ## Footnote OSI model layers
- **Purpose:** Translates data between the application and network format. - **Protocols:** SSL/TLS, JPEG, GIF.
28
Layer 5 - Session ## Footnote OSI model layers
- **Purpose:** Manages and establishes sessions (connections) between applications. - **Protocols:** NetBIOS, PPTP, RPC.
29
Layer 4 - Transport ## Footnote OSI model layers
- **Purpose:** Manages end-to-end communication, data integrity, and error recovery. - **Protocols:** TCP, UDP, SCTP.
30
Layer 3 - Network ## Footnote OSI model layers
- **Purpose:** Routes data packets between different networks or subnets. - **Protocols:** IP, ICMP, OSPF.
31
Layer 2 - Data Link: ## Footnote OSI model layers
- **Purpose:** Handles node-to-node communication within the same network segment. - **Protocols:** Ethernet, MAC addresses, PPP.
32
Layer 1 - Physical: ## Footnote OSI model layers
- **Purpose:** Transmits raw binary data over the physical medium. - **Protocols:** Ethernet cables, fiber optics, electrical voltages.
33
Most common physical connectors are?
- DB-9 (Serial port on computer) - RJ45(Ethernet cable connecter) - USB
34
Signaling
Defines which type of signal represents a “1” and which represents a “0” ; Physical layer has to generate electrical, optical, or wireless signals that represent the “1” and “0” on the media
35
Encoding
Method of converting stream of data bits into a predefined code, a pattern of voltage or current used to represent bits; the 0s and 1s - Networking signals are either analog or digital
36
Analog Signal
Wave pattern with positive and negative voltages, some examples, radio signal and ordinary telephone - These are used in WANS that employ analog modems
37
Amplitude
is the distance from 0-max
38
Frequency
how many cycle per second
39
Digital Signal
Electrical pulse being applied to a cable to transmit data bits on the cable, a simple digital system would represent a 1 when voltage is applied and a 0 when the voltage is stopped
40
Twisted pair cables
reduce signal interference caused by the data pulses in other adjacent cables
41
Unshielded Twisted Pair
cables are used in telephone systems and Ethernet Networks
42
Attenuation
Loss of signal strength that starts to happen as the signal travels farther along a copper cable
43
MDI
- Stands for media dependent interface - type of Ethernet port found on network devices - Pins 1&2 transmit, pins 3&6 receive (PCs, Routers) - For MDI-X the pins are the same (Hubs, Switches)
44
MDI-X
Hub/switch use a connector wiring called MDI-X - Transmit on pin 3&6, receive on pin 1&3 - Using a straight thru cable the PC will send data on Pin 1 and the hub/switch will receive the data on pin 1
45
Crossover Cable
- Required to connect 2 computers together - any device that has an MDI connector - Router Ethernet ports are MDI format - PC to router requires a crossover as well
46
RS-232
- Standard for serial transmission of data - defines the signals connecting a computer data terminal equipment and data communication equipment - Standard is commonly used for serial ports in computers - Defines the electrical characteristics and timing of signals, physical size and pinout of connectors
47
Binary (Base 2)
- Consists of only two digits: 0 and 1. - Example: 1011 (binary).
48
Decimal (Base 10)
- Consists of ten digits: 0 to 9. - Example: 42 (decimal).
49
Hexadecimal (Base 16)
- Consists of sixteen digits: 0-9 and A-F (where A=10, B=11, ..., F=15). - Example: 2A (hexadecimal).
50
Binary to Decimal
- Multiply each digit by 2 raised to its position and sum. - Example: 1011 (binary) to decimal: - 1 * 2^3 + 0 * 2^2 + 1 * 2^1 + 1 * 2^0 = 8 + 0 + 2 + 1 = 11 (decimal).
51
Binary to Hexadecimal
- Group binary digits in sets of four, then convert to hexadecimal. - Example: 110110101 (binary) to hexadecimal: - 1101 1010 1 (grouped) - D A 1 (converted) - Result: DA1 (hexadecimal).
52
Hexadecimal to Decimal
- Multiply each digit by 16 raised to its position and sum. - Example: 2A (hexadecimal) to decimal: - 2 * 16^1 + A * 16^0 = 32 + 10 = 42 (decimal).
53
Hexadecimal to Binary
Convert each hexadecimal digit to its 4-digit binary equivalent. - Example: 3F (hexadecimal) to binary: - 3 -> 0011, F -> 1111 - Result: 00111111 (binary).
54
Ethernet & IEEE 802.3 Headers
- **Ethernet:** A common LAN technology. - **IEEE 802.3:** Standardized Ethernet by IEEE.
55
CSMA/CD (Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection):
A protocol to manage access to shared communication channels.
56
Half Duplex
Communication in one direction at a time.
57
Full Duplex
Simultaneous two-way communication.
58
Frame Sizes and Headers
- Frames are data packets at the Data Link Layer. - Headers contain control information for frame handling.
59
MAC (Media Access Control) & LLC (Logical Link Control
- **MAC:** Responsible for hardware addressing and frame transmission. - **LLC:** Manages communication between devices.
60
Unicast, Multicast & Broadcast
- **Unicast:** One-to-one communication. - **Multicast:** One-to-many communication. - **Broadcast:** One-to-all communication.
61
Collision & Broadcast Domains
- **Collision Domain:** Set of devices where collisions can occur. - **Broadcast Domain:** Set of devices reached by broadcast frames.
62
MAC Address & Forwarding Tables:
- **MAC Address:** Unique hardware address for network devices. - **Forwarding Tables:** Maps MAC addresses to ports.
63
Forward, Flood, & Filter
- **Forward:** Send a frame directly to its destination. - **Flood:** Broadcast a frame to all ports. - **Filter:** Selectively forward frames based on MAC addresses.
64
ARP (Address Resolution Protocol)
- Maps IP addresses to MAC addresses. - Used to discover the hardware address of a device on the same network.
65
Cut-Through vs. Store-and-Forward:
- **Cut-Through:** Switch forwards frames immediately after receiving the destination address. - **Store-and-Forward:** Switch buffers the entire frame, checks for errors, and then forwards.
66
MAC Address Flooding
When a switch receives a frame with an unknown destination MAC address, it floods it to all ports except the source.
67
DHCP Spoofing
Unauthorized device pretends to be a legitimate DHCP server, assigning IP addresses and potentially causing network disruptions.
68
Port Security (Shutdown, Protect, Restrict):
- **Shutdown:** Disables the port when a security violation occurs. - **Protect:** Drops frames from unauthorized MAC addresses but doesn't disable the port. - **Restrict:** Logs violations and limits the number of allowed MAC addresses.
69
Port and MAC Address Association (Static, Dynamic, Sticky):
- **Static:** Manually configured MAC addresses associated with specific ports. - **Dynamic:** MAC addresses learned automatically by the switch as devices connect. - **Sticky:** Combination of dynamic and static; dynamically learned addresses can be converted to static.

Networking Fundamentals (1 decks)

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