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organic chemistry 1 > Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Organic Chemistry

A

the chemistry of compounds that contain the element carbon

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2
Q

Covalent bond

A

formed by sharing electrons between atoms of similar electronegativities to achieve the configuration of a noble gas

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3
Q

Electronegativities

A

increasing left to right and going up the periodic table

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4
Q

Carbon

A
  • can form strong bonds to other carbons to form rings and chains
  • strong bonds with hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur
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5
Q

Valence electrons, number of bonds, and lone pairs: Hydrogen

A
  • VE = 1
  • NB = 1
  • LP = 0
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6
Q

Valence electrons, number of bonds, and lone pairs: Carbon

A
  • VE = 4
  • NB = 4
  • LP = 0
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7
Q

Valence electrons, number of bonds, and lone pairs: Nitrogen

A
  • VE = 5
  • NB = 3
  • LP = 1
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8
Q

Valence electrons, number of bonds, and lone pairs: oxygen, sulfur

A
  • VE = 6
  • NB = 2
  • LP = 2
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9
Q

Valence electrons, number of bonds, and lone pairs: Fluorine, Chlorine, Bromine, Iodine

A
  • VE = 7
  • NB = 1
  • LP = 3
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10
Q

Formal Charges: Carbon

A

Normally: 4 bonds
Positive: 3 bonds
Negative: 3 bonds + 1 lone pairs

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11
Q

Formal Charges: Oxygen

A

Normally: 2 bonds + 2 lone pairs
Positive: 3 bonds + 1 lone pairs
Negative: 1 bond + 3 lone pairs

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12
Q

Formal Charges: Nitrogen

A

Normally: 3 bonds + 1 lone pair
Positive: 4 bonds + 0 lone pair
Negative: 2 bonds + 2 lone pairs

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13
Q

Dashed line

A

projects behind

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14
Q

wedge line

A

projects forward

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15
Q

Solid line

A

lies on the plane

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16
Q

Hydrocarbon

A

compounds that contains only carbons and hydrogen atoms

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17
Q

Alkanes

A
  • do not have multiple bonds
  • weak intermolecular interactions
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18
Q

naming unbranched Alkanes

A
  1. count the number of carbons and add associated prefix
  2. ends in -ane
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19
Q

Methane

A

1 carbon

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20
Q

Ethane

A

2 carbons

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21
Q

Propane

A

3 carbons

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22
Q

Butane

A

4 carbons

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23
Q

Pentane

A

5 carbons

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24
Q

Hexane

A

6 carbons

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25
Q

Heptane

A

7 carbons

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26
Q

Octane

A

8 carbons

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27
Q

Nonane

A

9 carbons

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28
Q

Decane

A

10 carbons

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29
Q

akyl

A

when you remove a hydrogen

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30
Q

Naming akyl

A
  1. same as alkanes but drop -ane and replace with -yl
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31
Q

Naming branched alkanes

A
  1. find the longest chain and number them
  2. Indicate ethyl and methyl and on which carbon their on and if there is multiple indicate how many with a prefix
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32
Q

methyl

A

1 C + 3 H

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33
Q

ethyl

A

2 C + 5H

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34
Q

Alkenes

A

have double bonded carbons

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35
Q

Naming alkenes

A
  1. identify the longest chain that has a double carbon bond
  2. Change ending from -ane to -ene
  3. Lowest number carbon for the one with double bond
36
Q

Cis

A

identical groups on the same side

37
Q

Trans

A

identical groups on different sides

38
Q

Z

A

not identical groups; on the same side

39
Q

E

A

not identical groups; on different side

40
Q

Alkynes

A

compounds that have tripole bonds

41
Q

naming alkynes

A
  1. sames as alkenes but end with -yne
42
Q

Tolvene

A

CH3 is connected

43
Q

Phenol

A

OH is connected

44
Q

Aniline

A

NH2 is connected

45
Q

Benzoic Acid

A

CO2H is connected

46
Q

Salicyclic Acid

A

CO2H and OH is connected

47
Q

Cinnamaldehyde

A

3 carbons with a double bond connected to the 2 and 3 carbon, double bond oxygen connected to the 3 rd carbon and a hydrogen at the end

48
Q

Functional group: Alkane

A

C - H and C - C bonds
Formula: RH

49
Q

Functional group: Alkene

A

Formulas: RCH = CH2
R2C = CHR
RCH = CHR
R2C = CR2

50
Q

Functional group: Aromatic

A

Formula: ArH

51
Q

Functional group: Haloalkane

A

Formula: RX

52
Q

Functional group: Alcohol

A

Formula: ROH

53
Q

Functional group: Phenol

A

Formula: ArOH

54
Q

Functional group: Ether

A

Formula: ROR

55
Q

Functional group: Amine

A

Formula: RNH2
R2NH
R3N

56
Q

Functional group: Amide

A

Formula: O = RCNH2
O = RCNHR’
O = RCNR’R’’
O = CH3CNH2

57
Q

Functional group: Aldehyde

A

Formula: O = RCH

58
Q

Functional group: Ketone

A

Formula: O = RCR’

59
Q

Functional group: Ester

A

Formula: O = RCOR’

60
Q

Functional group: Nitrile

A

Formula: RCN

61
Q

Functional group: Carboxylic Acid

A

Formula: O = RCOH

62
Q

Naming Alkyl Halides

A
  1. Identify the longest carbon chain that is bonded to the halogen group
  2. Lowest number of the carbon that the halogen group
  3. Add pre- fix based on element
63
Q

Naming Alkyl Halides: Prefix: Fluorine

A

Fluoro

64
Q

Naming Alkyl Halides: Prefix: Chlorine

A

Chloro

65
Q

Naming Alkyl Halides: Prefix: Bromine

A

Bromo

66
Q

Naming Alkyl Halides: Prefix: Iodine

A

iodo

67
Q

Naming Alcohols

A
  1. identify the longest chain that is bonded to the OH group
  2. Lowest carbon gets assigned to the one attached at -OH
  3. end of the word: -ol
68
Q

Amine

A

nitrogen bonded to hydrogen + carbon

69
Q

Naming amine

A
  1. Identify longest chain that is bonded to a nitrogen
  2. lowest number is the carbon that is attached to nitrogen
  3. Alcohol ending with “amine”
70
Q

Nitriles

A

a triple bond between carbon and nitrogen

71
Q

Naming Aldehydes and Ketones

A
  1. identify the longest chain
  2. Aldehydes -> ending in “al”
    Ketones -> ending in “one”
72
Q

Dipole moment

A

distance between the charges x the charge

73
Q

Net dipole

A

higher boiling point because it is able to bind to itself

74
Q

Dipole dipole forces

A

When its polarized

75
Q

Hydrogen bonds

A

stronger than dipole dipole but weaker than covalent bonds

76
Q

Infrared (IR) electromagnetic waves vibrate: Stretching

A
  1. Symmetric - moving away and from all core at the same time -> v Shape
  2. Asymmetric - moving away and from the core NOT at the same time
    -> Cheerleading
77
Q

Infrared (IR) electromagnetic waves vibrate: Bending

A
  1. In plane -> Scissoring
  2. Out of plane -> twisting
78
Q

Degree of Unsaturation

A
  • difference in the number of pairs of hydrogen missing
    CnH2n+2
79
Q

Rules for degree of unsaturation

A
  1. Each double bond or ring -> -2 H
  2. Each bond or ring -> -1 H
  3. Halogen -> count as a H
  4. Oxygen -> ignore
  5. Nitrogen -> -1 H for each
80
Q

Isomers

A

Different compounds with same molecular formula

81
Q

Constitutional Isomers

A

Isomers whose atoms have different connectivity

82
Q

Stereoisomers

A

Isomers that have the same connectivity but that differ in the arrangement of their atoms in space -> different 3D arrangement

83
Q

Enatiomers

A

Stereoisomers that are nonsuperpossible mirror images of each other

84
Q

Diastereomers

A

Stereoisomers that are not mirror images of each other

85
Q

Anti- conformer

A

staggered in which carbons are the farthest apart

86
Q

Gauche conformer

A

staggered in which carbons are the closest together

organic chemistry 1 (1 decks)

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