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Organic Chemistry 1 > Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Organic Chemistry

A

the chemistry of compounds that contain the element carbon

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2
Q

Covalent bond

A

formed by sharing electrons between atoms of similar electronegativities to achieve the configuration of a noble gas

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3
Q

Electronegativities

A

increasing left to right and going up the periodic table

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4
Q

Carbon

A
  • can form strong bonds to other carbons to form rings and chains
  • strong bonds with hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur
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5
Q

Valence electrons, number of bonds, and lone pairs: Hydrogen

A
  • VE = 1
  • NB = 1
  • LP = 0
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6
Q

Valence electrons, number of bonds, and lone pairs: Carbon

A
  • VE = 4
  • NB = 4
  • LP = 0
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7
Q

Valence electrons, number of bonds, and lone pairs: Nitrogen

A
  • VE = 5
  • NB = 3
  • LP = 1
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8
Q

Valence electrons, number of bonds, and lone pairs: oxygen, sulfur

A
  • VE = 6
  • NB = 2
  • LP = 2
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9
Q

Valence electrons, number of bonds, and lone pairs: Fluorine, Chlorine, Bromine, Iodine

A
  • VE = 7
  • NB = 1
  • LP = 3
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10
Q

Formal Charges: Carbon

A

Normally: 4 bonds
Positive: 3 bonds
Negative: 3 bonds + 1 lone pairs

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11
Q

Formal Charges: Oxygen

A

Normally: 2 bonds + 2 lone pairs
Positive: 3 bonds + 1 lone pairs
Negative: 1 bond + 3 lone pairs

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12
Q

Formal Charges: Nitrogen

A

Normally: 3 bonds + 1 lone pair
Positive: 4 bonds + 0 lone pair
Negative: 2 bonds + 2 lone pairs

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13
Q

Dashed line

A

projects behind

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14
Q

wedge line

A

projects forward

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15
Q

Solid line

A

lies on the plane

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16
Q

Hydrocarbon

A

compounds that contains only carbons and hydrogen atoms

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17
Q

Alkanes

A
  • do not have multiple bonds
  • weak intermolecular interactions
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18
Q

naming unbranched Alkanes

A
  1. count the number of carbons and add associated prefix
  2. ends in -ane
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19
Q

Methane

A

1 carbon

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20
Q

Ethane

A

2 carbons

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21
Q

Propane

A

3 carbons

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22
Q

Butane

A

4 carbons

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23
Q

Pentane

A

5 carbons

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24
Q

Hexane

A

6 carbons

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25
Heptane
7 carbons
26
Octane
8 carbons
27
Nonane
9 carbons
28
Decane
10 carbons
29
akyl
when you remove a hydrogen
30
Naming akyl
1. same as alkanes but drop -ane and replace with -yl
31
Naming branched alkanes
1. find the longest chain and number them 2. Indicate ethyl and methyl and on which carbon their on and if there is multiple indicate how many with a prefix
32
methyl
1 C + 3 H
33
ethyl
2 C + 5H
34
Alkenes
have double bonded carbons
35
Naming alkenes
1. identify the longest chain that has a double carbon bond 2. Change ending from -ane to -ene 3. Lowest number carbon for the one with double bond
36
Cis
identical groups on the same side
37
Trans
identical groups on different sides
38
Z
not identical groups; on the same side
39
E
not identical groups; on different side
40
Alkynes
compounds that have tripole bonds
41
naming alkynes
1. sames as alkenes but end with -yne
42
Tolvene
CH3 is connected
43
Phenol
OH is connected
44
Aniline
NH2 is connected
45
Benzoic Acid
CO2H is connected
46
Salicyclic Acid
CO2H and OH is connected
47
Cinnamaldehyde
3 carbons with a double bond connected to the 2 and 3 carbon, double bond oxygen connected to the 3 rd carbon and a hydrogen at the end
48
Functional group: Alkane
C - H and C - C bonds Formula: RH
49
Functional group: Alkene
Formulas: RCH = CH2 R2C = CHR RCH = CHR R2C = CR2
50
Functional group: Aromatic
Formula: ArH
51
Functional group: Haloalkane
Formula: RX
52
Functional group: Alcohol
Formula: ROH
53
Functional group: Phenol
Formula: ArOH
54
Functional group: Ether
Formula: ROR
55
Functional group: Amine
Formula: RNH2 R2NH R3N
56
Functional group: Amide
Formula: O = RCNH2 O = RCNHR' O = RCNR'R'' O = CH3CNH2
57
Functional group: Aldehyde
Formula: O = RCH
58
Functional group: Ketone
Formula: O = RCR'
59
Functional group: Ester
Formula: O = RCOR'
60
Functional group: Nitrile
Formula: RCN
61
Functional group: Carboxylic Acid
Formula: O = RCOH
62
Naming Alkyl Halides
1. Identify the longest carbon chain that is bonded to the halogen group 2. Lowest number of the carbon that the halogen group 3. Add pre- fix based on element
63
Naming Alkyl Halides: Prefix: Fluorine
Fluoro
64
Naming Alkyl Halides: Prefix: Chlorine
Chloro
65
Naming Alkyl Halides: Prefix: Bromine
Bromo
66
Naming Alkyl Halides: Prefix: Iodine
iodo
67
Naming Alcohols
1. identify the longest chain that is bonded to the OH group 2. Lowest carbon gets assigned to the one attached at -OH 3. end of the word: -ol
68
Amine
nitrogen bonded to hydrogen + carbon
69
Naming amine
1. Identify longest chain that is bonded to a nitrogen 2. lowest number is the carbon that is attached to nitrogen 3. Alcohol ending with "amine"
70
Nitriles
a triple bond between carbon and nitrogen
71
Naming Aldehydes and Ketones
1. identify the longest chain 2. Aldehydes -> ending in "al" Ketones -> ending in "one"
72
Dipole moment
distance between the charges x the charge
73
Net dipole
higher boiling point because it is able to bind to itself
74
Dipole dipole forces
When its polarized
75
Hydrogen bonds
stronger than dipole dipole but weaker than covalent bonds
76
Infrared (IR) electromagnetic waves vibrate: Stretching
1. Symmetric - moving away and from all core at the same time -> v Shape 2. Asymmetric - moving away and from the core NOT at the same time -> Cheerleading
77
Infrared (IR) electromagnetic waves vibrate: Bending
1. In plane -> Scissoring 2. Out of plane -> twisting
78
Degree of Unsaturation
- difference in the number of pairs of hydrogen missing CnH2n+2
79
Rules for degree of unsaturation
1. Each double bond or ring -> -2 H 2. Each bond or ring -> -1 H 3. Halogen -> count as a H 4. Oxygen -> ignore 5. Nitrogen -> -1 H for each
80
Isomers
Different compounds with same molecular formula
81
Constitutional Isomers
Isomers whose atoms have different connectivity
82
Stereoisomers
Isomers that have the same connectivity but that differ in the arrangement of their atoms in space -> different 3D arrangement
83
Enatiomers
Stereoisomers that are nonsuperpossible mirror images of each other
84
Diastereomers
Stereoisomers that are not mirror images of each other
85
Anti- conformer
staggered in which carbons are the farthest apart
86
Gauche conformer
staggered in which carbons are the closest together

Organic Chemistry 1 (1 decks)

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