Midterm 1 Flashcards
(128 cards)
1
Q
How many days are involved in the origin of life theory(biblical)
A
7
2
Q
Day 1 Origin of life
A
creation of light, separation of light from darkness
3
Q
Day 2 Origin of life(biblical)
A
separated the sky from water
4
Q
Day 3 Origin of life bible
A
formation of dry land, creation of seed-bearing plants and fruit trees
5
Q
Day 4 Origin of life
A
creation of the sun, the moon, and the stars
6
Q
Day 5 Origin of life biblical
A
the water teems with creatures and the birds fly above the earth
7
Q
Day 6 Origin of life(biblical)
A
living creatures on the land: livestock and wild animals; man made in God’s image
8
Q
Day 7 Origin of life(biblical)
A
God rested
9
Q
Who found the age of life
A
Archbishop James Ussher
10
Q
How did ____ find the age of life?
A
Ussher summed the ages of the patriarchs from the bible
11
Q
What did Ussher conclude
A
to conclude that the earth was created on Oct/ 23 in 4004 B.C
12
Q
Geologists and astrophysicists believe that the earth is roughly …
A
4.6 billion years old
13
Q
What do geologists base their estimates of the age of the earth on
A
measurements of radioactive decay of uranium to lead in rocks
14
Q
the geological time scale is sperated into
A
eras
15
Q
period are contained in ___ and epochs are contained within ____
A
eras , periods
16
Q
what are the eras on the geologic time scale
A
Precambrian
Paleozoic
Mesozoic
Cenozoic
17
Q
precambrian dates?`
A
4.6 billion years to 541 million years ago
18
Q
paleozoic dates?
A
541- 252 million years ago
19
Q
mesozoic dates?
A
252 to 66 million years ago
20
Q
Cenozoic date?
A
66 million years ago to the present`
21
Q
what happened 4.6 billion years ago
A
origin of earth
22
Q
what happened 4 billion years ago
A
earth cools and crusts solidifies
23
Q
what happened 3.6 billion years aho
A
first evidence of life/origin of life
24
Q
what happened 3.5 billion years ago
A
oldest prokaryotic fossils
25
what happened 2.3 billion years ago
accumulation of oxygen in the atmosphere
26
what happened 2 billion years ago
origin of eukaryotes
27
what happened 1 billion years ago
origin of multicellular organisms
28
what happened 700 million years ago
oldest animal fossils
29
what happened 470 million years ago
plants and fungi colonize the land
30
what happened 60 million years ago
extinction of dinosaurs
31
what eon are we in?
phanerozoic eon
32
humans are in what epoch, period, and era
epoch: holocene
period: quaternary
era: cenozoic
33
what are the three important points of the Time Scale of LIfe
1) most of the organisms that we discuss in this class originated very very recently
2) the vast majority of the earth's history has been dominated by single-celled organisms, from about the time of the first fossil to the rise of multicellular
3) photosynthetic oxygen producers vastly changed the atmosphere, especially when they became numerous about 2.5 to 2.3 billion years ago
34
What is our professors favorite twist of the Genesis story and why
when James Ussher, concluded that the earth was creates on oct 23 4004 BC
BC this pov hasn;t disappeared and is still taught in 18% of public school
35
the recent eras and periods are divided much _____ than ...
finely and are shorter than older eras
36
since recent eras are shorter than older eras what does this show?
that much more is known about the more recent past than the more distant past
37
the earth was originally ...
molten rock, with hit hydrogen gases, volcanoes, and lightening
38
how long did it take for the earth to cool
600 million years
39
what is the Hadean period?
hellish earth environment
40
what helped abiotic chemical synthesis
no free oxygen in the atmosphere meant that there was no protection from UV radiation --> UV radiation provided energy for abiotic chemical syntheis
41
what was the first atmoshpere like after the earth cooled
water vapor, co2, carbon monixide CO, nitrogen, methane CH4, ammonia (NH3), hydrogen, H2S, water
42
what resulted in the early environment having little oxygen
oxygen in the environment reacted with hydrogen to make water, carbon to make co2 and CO, and other elements
43
what two words decribe the early atmosphere
reducing envrionemnent
44
most scientists believe what (about the orgin of life)
that life began from non-living materials that eventually became capable of self-replication
45
what FIVE characters define life
1) uses energy
2) organisms consist of cells
3) contain and process information
4) replicates itself
5) evolves
46
What is the first step of the origin of life(scientific)?
the abiotic synthesis of complex organis molecules such as amino acids or nucleotides
47
what supports the first step of the origin of life(four steps)
Miller Urey experiment
48
descirbe the Miller and Urey experiment
mimiced the conditions of early abiotic earth produces primordial soup that showed that all 20 amino acids, RNA, sugarsm lipids, and ATP can be formed in that environment
49
What was something VERY important about the Miller and Urey experiment?
if oxygen was added --> the molecules couldn't be produced since oxygen attacks chemical bonds
50
Step 2 of the origin of life(scientific)?`
the formation of polymers through heat (spontaneous) and clay
51
how was clay important in step 2 of origin of life
clay acted as a gather ground for concentrating organic compounds --> may contain compounds with ionic charges that could attract organic molecules IRON AND ZINC
52
where did complex macromolecules originate from and why
the margins of seas bc clay is found there (polymerization)
53
step 3 of the origin of life(scientific)
?
the formation of protobionts--> cell like structure
54
protobionts can be made from?
proteins and or lipids
55
most important protobiont material and name
lipid bilayer --> liposomes
56
what are some of the most important things about protobionts
cell like structure that is able to manipulate the chemistry of its environment *** ability to manipulate its environment****
57
what can protobionts not do?
replicate themselves
58
step four of the origin of life (four step) ?`
the origin of hereditary material
59
what material is important for the 4th step of the origin of life and WHY
RNA
many scientics feel that RNA was the original hereditary material
60
why is RNA believed to be the original hereditary material
1) can be formed in the Miller and Urey experiment
2) can replicate itself in the presense of ZInc (clay)
3) like DNA contains hereditary infor
4) has catalytic protperties that can help for macromolecules --> Ribozymes
61
what can ribozymes do?
works as an enzymes to cleave introns from mRnA, and when introduced to T-cells could become effective against agents for cutting up HIV RNA and rendering it harmless
62
what is the RNA theory called and why does it make sense
RNA WORLD
bc rna molecules could replicate themselves and associate with protobionts to store hereditary information
63
what are 2 IMPRORTANT side notes to make about RNA WORLD
1) it is not clear how RNA began to store all the hereditary information
2) eventually RNA was replaced by DNA as the hereditary material but we do not know how
64
what are the two ways to explain the diversity of earth's living organisms
supernatural explanation
organic explanations
65
typological thinking centers around
the idea that a there is a true or ideal form of a specie
66
who preformed typological thinking and is it supernatural or organic
plato
supernatural
67
in typological thinking variation is not
IMPORTANT
68
Erasmus Darwin theory was similar...
to LaMarck's theory
69
LaMarck proposed what theory
1) species change gradually through time
2) each species represents a stage in its evolution from a simple ancestor to a more complicated and perfect form
3) each new species arose through spontaneous generation from non-living matter
4) inheritance of acquired characteristics
5)No common ancestry
70
Lamarck's theory is organic or supernatural
organic
71
Lamarck theories propsed that human are more complex than bacteria bc ...
they are older
72
who showed that something was wrong with Lamarck's theory and why
Louis Pasteur
demonstrated that spontaneous generation doesnt happen
73
what did darwin do when on the voyage of the beagle
collect fossils and other specimens
experience a major earthquake in peri
hypothesized the formation of coral islands
visited the galapagos
74
what are the five components in Darwin's theory of Evolution
1) steady change
2) gradualism
3) common ancestry
4) Natural selection
5) speciation
75
explain the idea of steady change
the world is steadily changing- species don't stay the same forever. idea wasnt unique to Darwin but wasn't widely acccepted
76
explain gradualism more
changes in species take place gradually.w
77
why could darwin argue for gradualism
bc geologists had determined that the earth was billion of years old rather than a few thousands of years old
78
What was darwin's most debated idea and why
gradualism bc sometimes biological change happens very rapidly
79
explain common ancestry
the idea that there was a single origin of life on earth and that ALL species had a common ancestor
80
explain multiplication of species
aka SPECIATION
concept that new species can evolve from exsisting species
81
WHAT IS THE ONLY TRULY original component of Darwin's theory of evolution
Natural Selection
82
what is natural selection
the mechanism by which evolutionary change occurs within a population. DEFINES as the differential survival and reproduction of better adapted organisms
83
what was natural selection based on
FOUR Observations
84
what are the four observations of natural selection
1) there is variation among individuals
2) variation is heritable
3)species produce more offspring than can survive
4)differential reproductive success`
85
what is differential reproductive sucess
some individuals are more sucesscul if they better compete for resources- are more likely to survive and reproduce
86
fitness?
is the ability of an individual to produce surviving fertile offspring relative to other individuals in the population
87
adaptation?
is a heritable trait that increases the fitness of an individual relative to another individual that lacks that trait
88
WHAT sums up evolution and natural selection (a phrase)
evolution by natural selection occurs when heritable variation (AKA adaptation) leads to differential reproductive success (AKA better fitness)
89
how did the finches originate on the galapagos island?
IN ONE SINGLE MIGRATION EVENT? (double check this pls)
90
why did Darwin publish in 1858, not later?
bc Wallace had came to the same conclusions and was going to publish his work`
91
what is one of the most popular cases of natural selection
Biston Betularia
(moths)
92
explain Biston Betularia
,any moths in britain come in two different colors a lighter and a darker form.
in the last 150 years the relative frequency of the two forms has changed dramatically
in the early 1800s pepper form was most abundant bc of the polution (industrial revolution)
93
What is Kettlewell's hypothesis
Kittleworth showed that there is differential survival among black and peppered
forms due to predation by birds. In this case, differential survival leads to differential
reproductive success (natural selection!) because many more camouflaged moths survive
to reproduce. This explains why the black form increased over time from the 1800’s to
the 1950’s in urban environments, and it is a famous demonstration of natural selection in
action.
94
which phenotype is more fit depends on...
the environment
aka black moth better in polluted areas while pepper moths better in clean air areas
95
LOOOK AT THE TWO CASE STUDIES OF EVOLUTION
PAHE 459-462
96
What are common misconceptions about natural selection
1) selection doesn't change individuals it acts on individuals and changes populations
2) selection is not goal directed (mutations occur by chance)
3) adaptation is not perfect (mutation can be bad reduce fitness)
97
what are the four types/modes of natural selection
directional, stabilizing, disruptive, sexual
98
Directional selection?
changes the average value of a trait
moves toward one side/trait
99
Stabliizing?
reduces the amount of variation in a trait
takes away from both sides
100
example of stablizing selection
baby weight when born
if too light might die
if too heavy might not come out
101
Disruptive selection
increases the amount of variation in a trait
takes away from the middle and spreads sides
102
example of disruptive selection?
gill-raker fishes
dense gill raker fishes are efficent at filtering tiny plankton from water
less dense rakers are more efficent at capturing small animals without getting clogged in the mud
INTERMEDIATE gill rakers are INEFFICENT at gathering both types of food.
103
Sexual selection?
occurs when there are differences in the ability to attract males--> more attractive partners mate sucessfully, reproduce more often and are this more evolutionary fit
104
what causes sexiual selection
femal put more ffort into reproduction ao they can be CHOOSEY and hence the males are chosen (so its like a competionion)
105
what is the fundamental asymmetry of sex
the difference in investment for reproduction between sexes
106
female choice?
in which females choose males using some sort of cue that makes the males look like a good choice
107
male competition?
in which the males compete for territory or access to females
108
intersexual selection= to?
female choice
109
intrasexual selection= to?
male competition
110
what are some examples of things that can sway a female of increase female choice
elaborate coloring--> bright colors means very health
artificial cues --> a specific feature like dots
nuptial gifts --> giftss
111
what are some examples of features relating to male to male competition
antlers (ex male deers use antlers to fight for territory)
body weight (ex seals larger one usually better at fighting)
dance abilities LOL
112
sexual selection can do what to natural selection
contravene forms of natural selection (prohibit)
113
sexual selection doesn't adapt individuals to the ____ but instead enhances traits involved in ________ ____________
environment
mate acquisition
114
down fall of sexual selection
may cost survival
ex bright colors bring females but also PREDATORS
115
what is a consequence of sexual selection
sexual dimorphism
116
what is sexual dimorphism
traits found in one sex but not the other
117
what is special about fruit flies in terms of reproduction
BOTH FEMAL CHOICE AND MALE COMPETITION
Females are promiscuous
* They store sperm in a special cavity
* Females can ‘choose’ which sperm
they want to fertilize their eggs
* Males have strategies, too
– Longer sperm seems to have an
advantage
– The order in which the males mate can be important
– Sperm vigor could be important
118
sexual selection tends to act on....
the less choosey gender
119
what are alleles
versions of genes
A and a
120
what is a gentotype
combination of alleles possessed by an individual
121
what is phenotypes
observable trait
122
how can we define evolution in terms of alleles
evolution can be defined as changes in allele frequencies over time
123
what did hardy and weinberg show
they used genetics to show that gene frequencies do not change in a population without the help of a disruptive force like natural selection
124
what are the FIVE assumptions/conditions of the HWE
1)no natural selection
2) no mutation
3) no gene flow
4) no genetic drift
5) random mating
125
allele frequency?
the frequency of an allele in a population
126
EXAMPLe of how selection change the HWE
when for example a recessive allele has an effect that is only fully observed a homozygote --> recessive=lethal which alters the gene frequencies since all the recessive die and aren't in the gene pool
127
what is achondroplasia?
is a form of short limbed dwarfism caused by poor born formation from cartilage --> achrodroplasia allele is recessive lethal
128
