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education 10 q3 > Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Define what it means to be qualitative.

A

The data gathered is summarized through narrative or verbal means (in words).

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2
Q

Define what it means to be quantitative.

A

The data gathered is summarized numerically (in numbers).

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3
Q

Give an example of a Quantitative Research Design. Describe them.

A

Structured Observation - counting a specific trait, action, etc.
Standard Interviews - counting answers to a question.
Questionnaires.

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4
Q

Give an example of a Qualitative Research Design. Describe them.

A

Case-study - focuses on a “bounded system” in small groups or individuals
Ethnographic - similar to case studies, emphasizes the cultural setting, researchers are a part of the group being studied.
Phenomenological Research - studies a particular phenomena in participants, participants are co-researchers.

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5
Q

Make this research question applicable to answer a quantitative study: How does caffeine affect sleep?

A

To answer, count the NUMBER of hours subjects get with/without caffiene.

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6
Q

Make this research question applicable to answer a qualitative study: How does caffeine affect sleep?

A

To answer, ask subjects to describe how their sleep felt with/without caffeine.

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7
Q

Define Range.

A

The difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution.

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8
Q

Define Standard Deviation.

A

The square root of the variance and is the average distance between each of the scores in a distribution.

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9
Q

Define the Normal Curve.

A
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10
Q

Define mean, median, and mode.

A

Mean: the average of the scores.
Median: the score that divides a set exactly in half when scores are arranged from HIGHEST to LOWEST.
Mode: the score in a distribution that occurs most frequently.

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11
Q

What are the 10 parts of research paper (in order)?

A

Abstract, introduction, research problem, literature review, research questions/hypothesis, methods, results, discussion, conclusion, and references.

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12
Q

Describe the Abstract of a research paper.

A

A short summary of the report. Includes keywords, research problems, and preview of the results and implications.

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13
Q

Describe the Introduction of a research paper.

A

Provides context and information necessary to know before reading the report. States thesis, roadmaps, and identifies the problem.

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14
Q

Describe the Research Problem of a research paper.

A

A clear and succinct statement that identifies the purpose of the study - aka, what the problem is and why it is important.

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15
Q

Describe the Literature Review of a research paper.

A

Summarizes various different studies of research done on the topic. Shows that the other knows their topic and is aware of the field around it. Should tell audience that there are still untouched aspects/studies that need to be expanded on.

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16
Q

Describe the Research Questions/Hypothesis of a research paper.

A

Very specific, researchable questions that are claimed to be answered through research.

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17
Q

Describe the Methods of a research paper. Give an example.

A

A list of instruments used to conduct the study. For example, if used a survey, they might include what questions they used or how they came up with the statistics.

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18
Q

Describe the Results of a research paper.

A

The objective information taken from the data. Must given without any kind of bias.

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19
Q

Describe the Discussion of a research paper.

A

The author’s interpretation of the meaning behind the results. Discusses future implications of the results for research, policies, etc.

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20
Q

Describe the Conclusion of a research paper.

A

A summary of the report with no new information or arguments.

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21
Q

Describe the References of a research paper.

A

The list of all references from in-text citations - alphabetized by author’s last name and in APA formatting.

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21
Q

Define sampling error.

A

The expected chance variation that exists between the sample and the population - aka, how much the mean of a sample differs from that of the overall population.

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22
Q

Define null hypothesis.

A

A hypothesis that describes results that have no effect on the population - a researcher’s goal is ultimately to reject this hypothesis.

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23
Q

Define Variance.

A

The mean of the squared deviation scores.

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24
Q

What does a positive correlation coefficient signify?

A

That the two variables have a direct relationship. Meaning that if one variable increases, so does the other, and vice versa.

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24
Q

Describe how to calculate a set of scores’ variance.

A

Take a score and subtract the set’s mean from it. Then square it. Do this to all the other scores and then add them all together. Divide that number into the total number of scores minus 1.

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25
Q

What does a negative correlation coefficient signify?

A

That the two variables have an indirect relationship. Meaning, if one variable increases, the other will decrease.

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26
Q

How can you tell if two variables have strong or weak correlation using a scatter plot?

A

If the points are close to/line up with the correlation line, then they have strong correlation. If the points are far away/not on the correlation line, then they have weak correlation.

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27
Q

How can you tell if two variables have strong or weak correlation using correlation table?

A

The closer the number is to 1.0 (aka, the bigger the number is, REGARDLESS of -/+), the stronger their correlation. EX: -.95 indicates a strong, negative correlation. +0.12 indicates a weak, positive correlation.

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28
Q

What letter is meant to represent Pearson’s correlation coefficient?

A

R.

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29
Q

What questions need to be answered to ensure the Abstract is valid? (3)

A
  1. Does it include a clear overview of the study and the four key components?
  2. Is it succinctly written? Does it meet the word limit of 300 or less (limit may vary)?
  3. Are keywords listed?
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30
Q

What questions need to be answered to ensure the Research Problem is valid? (4)

A
  1. Is the purpose of the study/research problem clearly identified?
  2. Is it clearly and succinctly stated?
  3. Does it have rationale? (a reason)
  4. If the problem has been studied before, is it clear why this problem needs to be studied again?
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30
Q

What are the four key components every Abstract must have?

A
  1. the research problem
  2. description of participants
  3. methodology
  4. finding recommendations
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31
Q

What questions need to be answered to ensure the Review of Literature is valid? (4)

A
  1. Is it adequately surveyed, aka does it include enough sources from enough perspectives?
  2. Does the review critically evaluate previous findings? Does it point out any deficiencies in the studies surveyed?
  3. Is the majority of the literature of recent origin?
  4. Is it mainly from primary sources and of an empirical nature (aka gathered through experiments or observations)?
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32
Q

What questions need to be answered to ensure the Research Questions/Hypotheses is valid? (3)

A
  1. Have the hypotheses/questions been clearly identified?
  2. Are hypotheses consistent with theory and known facts?
  3. Are they testable?
33
Q

What questions need to be answered to ensure the Methodology is valid? (3)

A
  1. Are the procedures, design, and instruments employed to gather the data described with sufficient clarity to permit another researcher to replicate the study?
  2. Is the sample/population described fully?
  3. Is evidence presented about validity and reliability scores?
34
Q

What questions need to be answered to ensure the Results is valid? (3)

A
  1. Were the most appropriate and meaningful statistical techniques employed?
  2. Have the results been presented adequately?
  3. Was the number of participants from the main sample listed?
35
Q

What questions need to be answered to ensure the Discussion/Implications is valid? (4)

A
  1. Are the findings linked back to the literature review?
  2. Did the findings answer the research question?
  3. Are the implications of the findings discussed?
  4. Does the researcher discuss the limitations of the study?
36
Q

What questions need to be answered to ensure the Conclusion is valid? (4)

A
  1. Is it consistent with the findings?
  2. Was the report (aka, the findings, implications, main ideas) adequately summarized?
  3. Were the implications of the research discussed?
  4. Did the author avoid adding new information?
37
Q

What is a t-test used for? What does it show?

A

To test the difference between two group’s means (1 independent group and 1 dependent group).
A significant t-value shows that a true difference exists between the group means.

38
Q

What is an ANOVA used for? What does it show?

A

To test the difference between the means of two or more groups (1 dependent and 1+ independent).
A significant F ratio shows that a true difference exists between groups.

39
Q

What is multiple regression used for? What does it show? How many groups are tested?

A

To see if the independent variable predicts changes in the dependent variable when other variables are held as constants.
A significant R value means that the independent variable CAN predict differences in the dependent variable.
2 or more independent groups, 2 or more dependent groups.

40
Q

Find the mean, median, and mode of this set: 12, 23, 9, 4, 12, 9

A

Mean: 11.5
Median: 10.5
Mode: 9, 12

41
Q

What is the difference between standard deviation and standard error?

A

Standard deviation describes variability within a single sample.
The standard error estimates the variability across multiple samples of a population.

42
Q

What does standard error indicate?

A

It indicates how different the population mean is likely to be from a sample mean.

43
Q

What is the difference between a Quasi Experiment and a True Experiment?

A

True experiments use random assignment, while quasi experiments don’t.

44
Q

Define a Quasi Experiment.

A

An experiment that evaluates interventions but with no random assignment and less control.

45
Q

Define a True Experiment.

A

1 or more independent variables are manipulated by researcher. Involves random assignment to different treatment levels, then observes dependent variables (the outcome). Is able to establish causality.

46
Q

What is a directional hypothesis?

A

A hypothesis where there is a clear prediction of a variable doing better or worse.

47
Q

What is a non-directional hypothesis?

A

A hypothesis where there is no clear prediction of a variable doing better or worse. Very vague.

48
Q

Is the following hypothesis directional or non-directional: The presence of caffeine will make students to better on the midterm.

A

Directional. It is stating a clear direction on the effect of the caffeine.

49
Q

Is the following hypothesis directional or non-directional: The presence of caffeine will have an effect on students taking the midterm.

A

Non-directional. It does not take a clear stance on what exactly the mentioned effect will do to the students - vague.

50
Q

True or False: to find out which set of scores has higher/more variability, look at the variance number.

A

FALSE. To find out which scores have more variability, look at the STANDARD DEVIATION. Whichever has a higher standard deviation has more variability.

51
Q

What is difference between phenomenological research and narrative research?

A

Narrative focuses on more of the story and experience of the participant, rather than a specific phenomena.

52
Q

Define Narrative Research. Give one example

A

Describes the experiences of an individual through storytelling. Focuses on the telling the micro-story experience in a particular setting (unlike ethnographic).
EX: biography.

53
Q

Define Phenomenological Research.

A

Describes lived experiences through the POV of the reality described in the words of the participants.
- participants are co-researchers.

54
Q

True or False: multiple regressions can assume causality.

A

True!

55
Q

Of the following, which CANNOT assume causality: true experiments, correlation coefficients, quasi experiments, and multiple regressions.

A

Correlation coefficients and quasi experiments.

56
Q

If a null hypothesis is rejected, what can we conclude? (2)

A

That the treatment made a difference, and the difference also exists in the population (not just the sample group).

57
Q

What does a null hypothesis test?

A

It is meant to determine whether the difference between the sample and the population means is due to chance (sampling error) and not treatment.

58
Q

How can you tell if something is statistically significant?

A

Look at the p-value (probability value). It must be 0.050 or LESS to be statistically significant.

59
Q

What are the five parts of a survey?

A

Survey title, purpose, instructions, demographic data, and survey items.

60
Q

What is the Purpose of a survey?

A

Must provide purpose of the survey and the research. Should put the participant in the proper context. Must be at beginning of survey.

61
Q

What is the Instructions of a survey?

A

The directions. Should guide participants to complete the survey. Must be at beginning of survey.

62
Q

What is the Demographic Information of a survey?

A

Specific questions about the audience. Can go at beginning or end of survey.

63
Q

What is a shotgun approach?

A
64
Q

True or False: demographic questions should be used for specific purposes, and not shotgun approaches.

A

True.

65
Q

Give two tips for creating a good survey body.

A

Avoid using double negatives.
Write items that don’t assume information about the participants.
Be clear and concise.
Make sure items have response sets that don’t overlap.

66
Q

What are the 6 types of Descriptive Surveys?

A

One-shot, follow-up, longitudinal, trend, cohort, and descriptive comparative.

67
Q

Describe a one-shot survey design.

A

Determines current perceptions/behaviors of one group at one point in time.
- random sample group from a population
- one survey

68
Q

Describe a follow-up survey design.

A

Determines current perceptions/behaviors of one group and possible changes at one later point in time.
- one random sample is selected and same group is surveyed at two different points in time
- initial and follow up survey

69
Q

Describe a longitudinal survey design.

A

Follows one group for a long period of time to see how behaviors change or stay the same.
- one sample, continuously surveyed
- multiple surveys, can have new and/or similar items to determine changes

70
Q

Describe a trend survey design.

A

Examines trends in populations that are new each year, but have similar experiences at different times.
- each year must have a new sample from a new population that has has similar experiences to past populations
- same survey administered each year, can be for long periods of time

71
Q

Describe a cohort survey design.

A

Examines perceptions over time in the same population using different samples from that population.
- each year a new sample is taken from the same population
- same survey administered each year, as often as needed

72
Q

Describe a descriptive comparative survey design.

A

Examines differences in perceptions without trying to infer causes of difference.
- random sample is selected, and demographic info is used to subdivide the sample in smaller, unified groups.
- one survey administered once, results analyzed for group differences

73
Q

What are the four types of survey questions?

A

Contingency/cascade questions.
Matrix questions.
Closed-ended questions.
Open-ended questions.

74
Q

Define a contingency question (cascade format).

A

A questions that is answered only if the respondent gives a particular response to a previous question.

75
Q

What type of survey question represents this example: “Do you own or rent your home? If you own your home, how long have you owned it?”

A

A contingency question (cascade format).

76
Q

Define matrix question.

A

Questions that have identical response categories.

77
Q

Define close-ended questions. Give two examples.

A

Where respondents are limited to a fixed set of responses.
Yes/No questions. Multiple choice questions.

78
Q

What kind of survey question represents this example: Are you satisfied with your child’s school? (1) Strongly satisfied (2) Mildly satisfied (3) Satisfied (4) Dissatisfied (5) Strongly dissatisfied [a scaled question]

A

A close-ended question.

79
Q

Define open-ended questions. Give two examples.

A

Where the response options or categories are not suggested. Sentence, story, or picture completion. Completely unstructured (i.e. asking their opinion about something).

80
Q

True or False: word association and thematic apperception tests (explaining a picture in their terms) are examples of close-ended questions.

A

False, they are examples of open-ended questions!

81
Q

What is the difference between a case study and ethnographic research?

A

Ethnographic research covers a larger scope and time.
Case studies focus on a specific setting, but ethnographic focuses on participants in their native environments and culture, watching how their interactions in a cultural group are influenced by society.
Ethnographic takes more time.

82
Q

Describe how you would find a set’s standard deviation.

A

Square root the variance!

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