Midterm 1 Flashcards

Question

pons

Answer 1

acts as a bridge between the medulla and midbrain in the brain stem

Answer 2

basic life functions- heart and breathing

Answer 3

little brain gross motor movenment and balance *alcohol affects this thats why you balence is bad when you are drunk

Answer 4

runs between both hemispehers and allows for communication between the two

Answer 5

over layer of the whole brain

Answer 6

A method to examine the function of a particular brain region single dissociation= one function is lost , another remains ex) person in car crash only has damage to the memory and no other known damages to the brain double dissociation= requires two individuals with different damage and opposite deficits ex) brocas area damage vs wernickes area damage

Answer 7

brocas area-- cant generate speech but the person is still consious about what they are trying to say (non-fluent aphasia ) wernickes area- the person can generate speech well but none of it makes sense (fluent aphasia ) both of these areas of the brain is examples of localization of function--- which is when a specific area is responsible for a specific function

Answer 8

multiple areas of the brain involved in a single function

Answer 9

the process of recognizing, organizing and interpretating information from senses this is not an exact copy of the world and is based on past experiences and expectations

Answer 10

inverse projection problem -- the stimulus of the receptors is ambigious objects can be hidden or blurred - people can often see half an object and infer what the rest of the object looks like based off previous experience, but a computer can not objects look different from different viewpoints -easy for humans, but very complex for computers

Answer 11

starts with the sensory receptors and then works up to the brain to identify the objects/scene being percieved perception comes from stimulus in the environment. the parts are identified and then recognition occurs example- when your eyes see a person there is multiple singles in the brain which then conclude that you recognize that person

Answer 12

a bottom up approach to human processing - is the idea that we have patterns of how things should be and our brain tries to find a match from previous memories ex) when there is a bunch of lines going through the world HELLO, a human can still recognize it, but a computer may not be able to because it doesn't have a tolerance for partial information

Answer 13

pattern recognition as a gradual process of evidence accumulation based on a feature by feature analysis but limited to only explaining simple patterns (letters), but how do we recognize other objects??

Answer 14

- we perceive objects by perceiving elementary features GEONS- 3D volumes objects are recognized when enough information is available to identify objects geons 36 geons and these geons form together to form complex shapes example of the complexity of the geons, if you only used 24 of them and wanted to make groups of three there would be 306 billion different objects you could create

Answer 15

based on knowledge we have -begins at the brain then works down to receptors occurs very quickly - people actively construct perceptions using information based on expectations and experience - some of our perceptions are the result of unconscious assumptions we make about the envrioment

Answer 16

people actively construct perceptions using information based on expectations and experiences

Answer 17

-its a top down theory - some of our perceptions are the result of unconcious assumptions we make about the environment ex) think about the two colour rectangles with one in front of the other, even though we cant see the full shape of the one behind, we assume that it is a rectangle --- likelihood principle= we percieve the world in the way it is "most likely" based on our past experience

Answer 18

Law of good continuation - lines tend to be seen as following the smoothest path ex) rope in a pile Law of good figure (simplicity) - every stimulus pattern is seen so the resulting structure is as simple as possible Law of Similarity - similar things appear grouped together Law of familiarity - things are more likely to form groups if the groups appear familiar law of proximity - things near each other appear grouped together law of common fate - things moving in the same direction appear to be grouped together ex)starlight mumeration

Answer 19

regularies in the environment=== charcteritics of the environment that occur frequently physical regularities- regularly occuring physcial properties of the environment semantic regularities- the meaning of a scence ex) scene schema

Answer 20

is the knowledge of what a given scene ordinarly contains ex) what does a proffesors office usually have in it

Answer 21

Helmohotz theory of Unconcious inference - uses info from the environment gathered through experience Gatalt principles of organization - differs from helmoholtz in that they suggest laws are innate (present from birth) environmental regularities

Answer 22

Pain bottom up - stimulation of nociocpetors in nervous system top down- expectations, attention, placebo affect all affect how pain in perceived

Answer 23

Neurons ex) horizontals and verticles- more of these in the brain

Answer 24

-animals reared in evironments containing only certain types of stimuli then they will have neurons respond to these stimuli will become more predominate due to neural placsticity ex) when you raised a cat in an enviro with vertical lines, the neurons did not respond to horizontal lines due to neural plasticity

Answer 25

when there is weak or no inputs from one eye, the stronger eye takes over in the brain meant for the other

Answer 26

method which alows scientist to damnage specific areas of otherwise normal brains - controlled damage allows for clear conclusions to be drawn

Answer 27

"what" (ventral) stream= identifying an object "where" (dorsal) stream= identifying the objects location ex) of this is hand eye coordination

Answer 28

you cant recognize faces or cant interpret facial cues

Answer 29

does not have the ability to view motion. sees life through a series of "snap shots"

Answer 30

unable to identify or recognize objects

Answer 31

causes similar affects of hallucinogenic drugs long after the affects should be gone

Answer 32

the ability to focus on specific stimuli or locations in our environment includes consious and unconcious processes

Answer 33

positive priming- prior presentation of a stimulus facilitates later recognition - Conceptual = something related -repetition= exact same stimuli

Answer 34

filter out some information and promoting other information for further processing ex) two phrases being said into each ear and being told only to listen to one of the phrases

Answer 35

Broadbent, our attention works like a filter that helps us focus on specific details by letting in only certain types of information. BUTTTT this could not account for the cocktail party affect --- participants name gets through and you can be trained to detect in unattend ear base on the meaning of the message

Answer 36

she modified the early selection theory and belived that unattended info is NOT blocked but rather turned down the signial strength needed to activate the persons attention depends on the words ex) your name does not need a high signal strength for people to gain attention, but "ruttabaga" would need higher signal strength to garner attention

Answer 37

Mckay in attending ear, the person heard ambigious sentences and in unattened ear the person heard one of two different words - the word they had differed the meaning of the sentence to the person

Answer 38

- the amount of congative recources needed to carry out a particular task low-load tast vs high-load task

Answer 39

the amount of perceptual load is required for a task determines how much attention is needed for that task the remaining congative recources could be used for other things ex) a low load task only using a small amount of perceptual load, thus there is lots of congnitive recources left for the person to disperse their attention on other things, like talking while making a coffee

Answer 40

fixations are short pauses on points of intrest (dots) saccades are rapids movements of the eyes from one place to another (lines)

Answer 41

areas that stand out and capture attention due to physical charcteristics ex( bright colour, motion based on bottom up process

Answer 42

familar objects take priority in scanning this is subjective as it varies between people and their experience

Answer 43

divided attention= attending to two or more things at once distraction= one stimulus interfering with the process of another

Answer 44

practice difficulty of task

Answer 45

automatic- occurs with intention, uses very little of persons cognitive resources controlled- pay attention at all times and control their focus

Answer 46

it activates the default mode network in the brain-- areas of the brain that are activated when you are not involved in a task

Answer 47

when a stimulus that is not attended (not being payed attention too) is not perceived, even though the person may be looking at it ex) think ducky in the cup game

Answer 48

if shown two versions of a picture, differences between them are not immediately different continuity errors in films -- some aspect in a scene change which should have remained the same

Answer 49

exogenous attention is automatic attraction of attention by a sudden visual or auditory stimulus - this is a bottom up process as it is stimulus drive endogenous attention is intentional and is consciously determined direction of attention -this is a top down process ** both involve overt attention= shifting attention by moving eyes

Answer 50

automatic attraction= exogenous attention intentional = endogenous attention **both involve overt attention = shifting attention by moving eyes

Answer 51

how an objects individual features are bound together to give a single percept * think about moving a ball down a hill and how thats all we see, we dont see all the charcteritics that are involved in it

Answer 52

Feature Integration Theory - attention allows us to perceive an objects visual features as belonging together

Answer 53

preattentive stage - automatic -doesnt require attention - unaware of process focused attention stage -attention plays key role -features are combine (binding problem)

Answer 54

tested this theory by asking people to focus on numbers and the coloured shapes appeared, then asked about the shape - Illusory conjunctions ( getting the wrong shape and colour) occur because features are "free floating' this shows evidence for preattentive stage

Answer 55

common illusory conjunction -- mixing up the shape and colour

Answer 56

- Mostly bottom- up processing top down processing influences processing when participants are told what they are going to see

Answer 57

search = scan of environment for particular features vigilance is more being alter not scanning

Answer 58

feature search= target is defined by single featire (ex. the colour red) - target should pop, there is no attention required conjunction search= traget is defined by two features (ex. letter and colour) - attention is require and need to examine more closley