Midterm 1 Flashcards
(172 cards)
1
Q
What term refers to full state ownership of specific industries?
A
parastatals
2
Q
Growing ethnic identity in some ways the consequence of what?
A
state development
3
Q
What term refers to views regarding the necessary pace and scope of change between freedom and equality?
A
political attitudes
4
Q
What theory states that, “as societies develop, they become capitalist democracies”?
A
modernization theory
5
Q
What term describes:
“as x changes, so does why”?
A
correlation
6
Q
What term refers to a highly centralized regime that possesses some form of strong ideology that seeks to transform and absorb fundamental aspects of state, society, and the economy?
A
Totalitarianism
7
Q
Why were there wars in Yugoslavia after Tito’s death?
A
The majority ethnic group of Yugoslavia, the Serbs, wanted to centralize power, but other groups wanted independence
8
Q
What term believes liberty and freedom are achievable through the elimination of the state?
A
anarchism
9
Q
What term rests on the idea that people/groups can be classified in terms of inferiority/superiority?
A
fascism
10
Q
What was the name of the ruler of Yugoslavia who underscored the importance of identity?
A
General Tito
11
Q
Bismarck shut down social democratic policies, such as health care, unemployment insurance, and pensions?-T or F
A
False!!! enacted these
12
Q
Political Science focuses on PREDICTION than EXPLANATION-T or F
A
False
13
Q
What term refers to the when all regions have the right to make decisions on a set of ideas?
A
Symmetrical Federalism
14
Q
What term refers to the institution that controls how much money is flowing through the economy, as well as how much money is in that economy?
A
Central Bank
15
Q
The poorer the country, the less likely it is to be democratic-T or F
A
True
16
Q
Why did leaders create bureaucracies AKA the state?
A
To measure, extract, and spend tax revenues in order to pay for the providence of soldiers AKA security
17
Q
What 2 major events transformed the basis of comparative politics?
A
1) Rapid Industralization of Asia
2) Collapse of Communism in Soviet Union
18
Q
What term refers to the comprising of basic institutions that help define a society?
A
Culture
19
Q
What is the definition for political science?
A
The study of political institutions and political behavior
20
Q
What nondemocratic term refers to the claim that one person alone is fit to rule the country with no clear regime to constrain that person’s rule?
A
Personal rule
21
Q
As an ideology, what do liberals believe in?
A
-individual politics and economic freedom
-low degree of government autonomy
22
Q
What term refers to the state’s collection of funds to pay for public goods and services and as a result benefit the public directly?
A
Taxation
23
Q
What were the 3 causes of the French Revolution?
A
1) Financial Crisis
2) Famine
3) Ideology (Enlightenment and Social Contract)
24
Q
What term refers to the state’s provision of public benefits, such as education and healthcare, called the “welfare state”?
A
social expenditures
25
Germany's trend toward democratization can best be described by what 2 traits?
1) Top down challenge
2) Wrapped up with nation building and expansion of territory
26
What theory refers to the idea that through the working class's organization of labor unions and left parties, there are more egalitarian outcomes?
power resource theory
27
In _________, states can't have full autonomy
Democracies
28
Weak states __________
cannot execute basic tasks
29
What are the 2 types of methods in poly-sci?
1) Quantitative-relies on statistics; breadth over depth; inductive
2) Qualitative-relies on personal knowledge and experience; depth over breadth; deductive
30
What was the first example of a country using nationalist sentiment to own advantage?
Napoleonic France
31
What nondemocratic term refers to the ruler's dependency on a collection of supporters within the state who gain direct benefits in return for enforcing ruler's will and only followers benefit?
patrimonialism
32
What term refers to the emergence of a single producer of a good/service that is able to dominate the market?
Monopoly
33
It is much easier to CREATE institutions, than REMOVE them-T or F
True
34
When members of the middle class believe economic insecurity rather than people in power is greatest threat to wealth, they may become the most opposed to authoritariansm/totalitarianism?-T or F
False; become the strongest
35
What are key features of Christian democratic states?
1) some mobility
2) high regulation of markets
3) limited decommodification
4) proportional- contribution based benefits
36
What term refers to significant powers being left to regional bodies?
Federalism
37
The rise of what 2 political phenomenons helped political scientists focus on the WHY instead of the HOW?
Fascism & Communism
38
What term refers to different ethnic groups' struggle to achieve certain political and economic goals at each other's expense?
ethnic conflict
39
in the context of political attitudes, what do liberals believe in?
favor evolutionary progressive change can happen through changes within the system
40
States can have charismatic legitimacy-T or F
False; only people
41
What does "laissez-faire" mean?
economy should be free to do as it wishes
42
What term refers to state-provided, secured goods available to society and indivisible; no 1 person can own them?
Public Goods
43
What term refers to one/more groups develop clear aspirations for sovereignty, clashing with each other as a result?
national conflict
44
What term refers to the logic of increasing returns, decisions made early are supposed to be most influential?
Path Dependency
45
All states are welfare states to some extent-T or F
True
46
What term refers to the shift from kinship networks to nuclear families?
Microlevel
47
What term refers to a system of political, social, and economic liberties supported by competition, participation, and contestation?
Liberal Democracy
48
What is the term for political actions, participations, but also views and ideologies?
political behavior
49
While there are major spikes in state-spending on the military during conflicts, during the industrial era, there were also major spikes in what?
Social Spending
50
What term refers to when a country becomes more federalist?
Devolution
51
What are the classic 4 political-economic systems and their definitions?
1) Mercantilism-domestic economy is an instrument that exists to serve states' needs by generating wealth that can be used for national power
2) Communism-private property fully nationalized
3) Liberalism-individual political and economic freedom over collective equality
4) Social Democracy-markets and property encouraged by state, but controlled to prevent individual profit at expense of whole
52
What term refers to a social identity with ascriptive traits that is defined by ancestry? (Kanchan Chandra)
ethnicity
53
Failed states _________
collapse
54
What place represented early republicanism by electing officials and using the separation of powers?
Rome
55
What term refers to a system of policy-making involving the state, labor, and businesses; creates limited number of associations that represent large segment of business and labor?
Neo corporatism
56
What are 4 key features of social democratic states?
1) high social mobility
2) high regulation of market
3) some decommodification
4) encourages female labor-force population
57
What term refers to when prices rise, and money loses its value due to the imbalance of supply and demand?
inflation
58
What is a modern example of direct democracy?
referendums
59
What term refers to the sets of political values held by individuals regarding the fundamental goals of politics and are concerned with the ideal relationship between freedom and equality and how institutions can achieve that?
political ideologies
60
What term refers to the total market value of all goods and services produced within a country over 1 year?
GDP
61
What agreement put an end towards the war in Bosnia?
Dayton accords
62
What is a top-down view?
conflict generated by elites
63
What factor helps political science experiments?
randomization
64
What 2 characteristics are attributed to mercantilist states?
1) Limited social expenditures to promote higher public savings
2) Strong use of tariffs
65
What does the government refer to?
Leadership/elite in charge of the running state
66
What term refers to the basic unit for economic transactions?
Money
67
What term refers to the study of how politics and economics are intertwined and shape the balance of freedom and equality?
Political Economy
68
What were the 2 factors that helped build the nation state?
1) Administrative centralization and language
2) Print Capitalism
69
What are 3 key features of liberal states?
1) fewer protections for employees
2) not geared towards female labor force participation
3) means-tested benefits focused on poverty relief
70
What term refers to the rules/orders that lay down boundaries of a given procedure- can take different forms?
Regulations
71
Property rights intrinsically exist-T/F
False
72
What term refers to an institution, not identity used to demarcate civic duties?
citizenship
73
What does valued mean within the context of institutions?
Institutions have stakeholders
74
What are the 2 distinct roles of the executive branch?
1) head of state
2) head of government
75
What are the 3 differences between welfare state types and their definitons?
1) Stratification-Does the state promote social mobility?
2) State-Market Relationship-To what extent, does the state regulate its economy?
3) Decommodification-What is the extent to which existence is tied to work?
76
What term describes:
"a change in x causes a change in y"?
causation
77
What happened in the Storming of the Bastille?
an attempt to get munitions by angry Parisians
78
France's trend towards democratization can best be described by what 2 traits?
1) Fast
2)Bottom-up challenge to monarchy
79
What are the 3 major problems when it comes to studying poly-sci?
LIMITED
1) Data
2) Access
3) Power
80
Why did many political scientists predict the downfall of the welfare state and what were these pressures?
New pressures in the 2nd half of the 20th century/post-industrial period; fewer workers, aging demographic, higher pension costs, industry turning more service-oriented
81
What term, in context of democracy, refers to?
"Who is allowed to participate in this system?'
Inclusiveness
82
What term sums up the phrase?:
"the cases we choose to study determine the answers we get."
selection bias
83
Political Science focuses on the IDEAL instead of the ACTUAL- T or F
False
84
What are 2 examples of ethnic conflicts?
Rwandan Genocide and Breakup of former Yugoslavia
85
What are the 8 components of a political economy?
1) Markets
2) Property
3) Public Goods
4) Social Expenditures
5) Taxation
6) Money, Inflation, and Unemployment
7) Regulations
8) Trade
86
What does the regime refer to?
norms and values surrounding its use; also power dynamics within that state
87
According to Tilly, what are the 2 obstacles for the partitioning of the world into states?
1) Speakers coming from populations that haven't made distinct states, have made claims to independent statehood
2) NATO, AKA blocs of states
88
What term refers to when political leaders essentially rent out parts of the state to their clients, who as a result control public goods that would otherwise be distributed in a non-political manner?
Rent-seeking
89
What term refers to less structured states that co-opt members of the public by providing benefits or favors to a single person/small group in return for public support?
Clientism
90
What term refers to inflation that is more than 50% for more than 2 months straight?
hyperinflation
91
Ethnicity is inherently a political identity-T or F
False
92
What nondemocratic term refers to military's hijacking of the government by force?
Military rule
93
What is the term for the ability of an individual to act independently?
freedom
94
What index was created by UN as a measure of country's wellbeing, by looking at literacy rates, life expectancy, educational enrollment, and etc.?
HDI
95
With what theory did political organization begin?
Rousseau's "social contract" theory
96
What term refers to a method by which authoritarianism and totalitarianism regimes show control over public by creating/sanctioning a few organizations to represent public interests and not restricting those set up by the state?
Corporatism
97
In what 3 ways did standardized language and national identity lay basis for national consciousness?
1) It created unified fields of exchange and communication below Latin above the spoken vernaculars
2) It standardized language/fixed it in time
3) It reinforced regional hierarchies of power
98
What are the 3 forms of legitimacy and their definitions?
1) Traditional-Valid b/c always has been there
2) Charismatic-magnetism to ideas and individual
3) Rational-Legal-title is important
99
What is a bottom-up view?
conflict generated by long-standing friction between groups?
100
What term refers to an institution that binds people together through a common set of political aspirations, the most important being self-government?
National identity
101
What are 2 reasons for why rulers stay in power?
1) Fear-punish dissent
2) Rewards-bribe supporters
102
What term refers to "reverse causality"?
hint: chicken and egg problem
endogeneity
103
What term refers to a pride in one's nation and people and the belief that they have their own political destiny separate from others?
Nationalism
104
What are 3 features of instrumental identity?
1) Large scale violence provoked by elites seeking to gain, maintain, or increase hold on political power
2) Violence had the effect intended by elites, of constructing group identities in more antagonistic and rigid ways
3) Newly constructed/reconstructed ethnic identities serve to increase support for elites who provoked violence
105
What term sums up the question?:
"Can a state do this if other actors don't want it to?"
Autonomy
106
What term refers to a political regime in which a small group of individuals exercise power over the state without being constitutionally responsible to the public?
Authoritarianism
107
What occurs when there is a third factor correlated with X and Y?
confounding
108
Strong states _________
fulfill basic tasks
109
Nations are inherently political-T or F
True
110
Why did ethnic identities become politically independent in Yugoslavia?
Politicians relied on ethnic tensions to garner support
111
Comparative Politics uses what 2 factors to judge states?
1) Capacity & 2) Autonomy
112
What term sums up the question?:
"Can a state do this if it wants to?"
Capacity
113
What led to the Congress of Vienna/concert of Europe?
Napoleonic Wars
114
What are examples of ascriptive traits?
-language
-religion
-geographic location
-customs
-appearance
-history
115
What term refers to taxes on imported goods?
Tariffs
116
Bismarck pursued a conservative path towards ___________
modernization
117
Globalization encourages a race to the bottom; what does this term mean?
a competitive environment where countries and companies undercut each other by cutting costs of production
118
What school of thought looked at individual actors' political behavior to explain events and predict politics?
Behaviorialism
119
What is the logic of industrialism?
the welfare/social benefits we have today are tied to a shift in the state's role
120
What are 4 benefits to regulating trade?
1) Generation of state revenue
2) Fostering of Local Industry
3) Protection of Local Jobs
4) Keeping of wealth in country
121
in the context of political attitudes, what do radicals believe in?
dramatic, often revolutionary change of the existing political, social, or economic order
122
What term, in context of democracy, refers to?
""What are individuals allowed to do in the system?"
Public Contestation
123
In the UK during the 19th century, industralization led to ________ ____ ________
changes to inclusiveness
-locus of power moved from rural to urban
-economic influence of urban middle class
-voting reform acts
124
According to Dahl, what are 3 features of a democracy and what are the 2 ways to measure these 3?
1) Formulate preferences
2) Signify preferences
3) Have preferences weighed equally in conduct of government
Public contestation and inclusiveness
125
What were the 3 downsides to the French Revolution?
1) Reign of Terror
2) Napoleon
3) Instability
126
What was the conflict between the Catholic and Protestant regions in Yugoslavia?
Sonerbund War
127
What are 3 reasons to not regulate trade?
1) Promotes competition
2) Keeps costs of goods low
3) Stimulate domestic innovation in areas of comparative advantage
128
in the context of political attitudes, what do reactionaries do?
seek to restore political, social, economic institutions that once existed; willing to use violence
129
What term refers to political leaders' ability to refer questions to a court, often before laws are passed and what is an example of this?
Abstract Review; French Constitutional Court
130
What term refers to the basic norms for a political activity in a society?
Political Culture
131
What term refers to the interactions btwn the forces of supply and demand and the allocation of resources through that interaction, as well as the generation of values for goods and services?
Markets
132
Where does democracy descend from?
Athens, Greece
133
What term refers to the ability of anyone to bring cases to a court and what is an example of this?
Concrete review; US Supreme Court
134
What is the concept of "imagined communities" by Benedict Andersen about?
members will never know most of their fellow members, yet in the minds of each lives the image of their communion
135
The taxation in France burdened the poor-T or F
True
136
What term refers to the part of machine used for redistribution; main axis of political competition in most democracies at least in the 20th century?
Welfare state
137
What term refers to the resistance of external actors and limitation of internal strife?
Security
138
What term refers to the ownership of goods and services?
Property
139
What term refers to when regions have an unequal distribution of power to make decisions on a set of ideas?
Asymmetrical Federalism
140
What were the 3 institutional outcomes in the Declaration of rights and man?
1) Natural Rights
2) Social Contract
3) Separation of powers
141
What 3 factors led to the transformation of the state in the DARK AGES?
1) economic development
2) technological innovation
3) domestic stability
142
Which state emerged as the strongest German speaking state and led the unification of Germany?
Prussia
143
What were new risks created by the industrial revolution?
Decreased life expectancy, Increased workplace accidents, erosion of family networks as safeguards
144
What term refers to when members of the public are brought into a beneficial relationship with the state and government often through corporatism/clientism?
Co-optation
145
Using the computer, an operator, and its program as an analogy, how do the state, regime, and government fit into this?
Computer-The State
Programming-The Regime
Operator-The Government
146
What term refers to the investment of most power in the national level?
Unitary
147
What term refers to a system of ownership based on private ownership and free markets?
capitalism
148
What term refers to an ideology that seeks to unite religion with the state/ make faith the sovereign period of history?
fundamentalism
149
What is the term for organizations/activities that are stable/valued and generate recurring patterns of behavior?
Institutions
150
What is the term for the shared standard of individuals within community, society, and country?
equality
151
In the UK during the 17th century, public contestation led to ________ ________
institutional outcomes
152
Who was the chancellor of Germany for much of the second half of the 1800s?
Otto von Bismarck
153
What term refers to the limitation of quantity of a good into the country?
Quota
154
What term refers to the attempt to estimate the buying power of income in each country by comparing similar costs?
PPP (purchasing power parity)
155
What are the 3 key traits of the state and their definitions?
1) Sovereign-independent from internal and external rivals
2) Highly institutionalized-Stable
3) Bureaucracy-machinery of politics
156
What was the name of the man who discovered cholera was due to sewage contamination in water wells, which would lead to the demand for healthcare?
John Snow
157
What does the state refer to?
A monopoly of violence BUT also the set of political institutions that transform ideas and conflicts regarding freedom and equality into concrete action
158
Who is considered the most important theorist of democracy?
Robert Dahl
159
What is the difference between HOBBES' Social Contract Theory and LOCKE'S Social Contract Theory?
HOBBES: people give up freedoms for protection from state; state is the leviathan
vs.
LOCKE: people's will is the basis of the authority for the government
160
What term refers to a group of producers, who as individuals cannot dominate the market, and do so as collaborators?
Cartel
161
What is the difficulty in establishing causality with observational data?
factors that we care about interact with other factors
162
Discontent with the German confederation (later formed after congress of vienna) led to the formation of the Zollverein, which exchanged the right to make money for what other right?
the right to rule
163
What are some effects of urbanization?
poor health conditons, epidemics, creation of demands for public goods
164
What are different types of state organizations?
-nation-states
-multi-national states
-confederations
-city-states
-empires
165
In ___________, states maximize autonomy
Authoritarian Governments
166
Political Scientist Tilly says what action gave birth to the modern state?
organized crime
167
Who is the 1st modern political scientist?
Nicolo Machiavelli
168
What term refers to the ability to produce a particular good/service more efficiently relative to other countries' efficiency in producing the same good or service?
Comparative Advantage
169
What treaty established modern state sovereignty, by allowing local leaders to choose religion and its main consequence?
Treaty of Westphalia; voluntary consolidation of states which led to incentive for economic development
170
If something is a spurious correlation, does it have a causation effect on each other?
NO
171
The UK's trend towards democratization can best be described by what 3 key traits?
Early: began in 13th century
Slow: slow progression
Limited: monarchy still exists
172
What term refers to ownership of a specific type of information/knowledge?
Intellectual Property
