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OPT 116 > Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what is compartmentalization

A

required components of a metabolic pathway are concentrated in a confined space within the cell

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2
Q

what 4 things is the cell membrane composed of

A

phospholipids
cholesterol
proteins
carbohydrates

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3
Q

what types of molecules can move across the cell membrane without help and what are examples

A

Fat-soluble and small, uncharged molecules.
examples:
- O2
- H2
- CO2
- H2O
- glycerol

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4
Q

what types of molecules need help to move across the membrane and what are examples

A

water-soluble, large, uncharged and charged molecules.
examples:
- glucose
- sucrose
- ions

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5
Q

what does cholesterol do in the cell membrane

A

reduces cell membrane fluidity and permeability

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6
Q

what are the jobs of proteins in the cell membrane

A

junctions
enzymes
transport
recognition
anchorage
transduction

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7
Q

how much of the membrane do integral proteins span

A

partially or entire width.
entire width = transmembrane protein

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8
Q

what do peripheral proteins attach to

A

integral proteins or inner hydrophilic heads of phospholipids

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9
Q

what do carbohydrates attach to in the cell membrane

A

proteins/phospholipids

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10
Q

what are the functions of carbohydrates in the cell membrane

A

cushioning/protection
cell to cell recognition
binding

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11
Q

what is the inner layer of the nuclear envelope lined by and what is its function

A

lined by nuclear lamina.
organizes dna

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12
Q

what is the nucleoplasm and what does it contain

A

semi fluid matrix of nucleus.
chromatin: dna wrapped around histone proteins –> condense to form chromosomes.
nucleolus: site of rRNA synthesis and ribosome assembly

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13
Q

what does the cytoplasm contain

A

cytosol
cytoskeleton
organelles

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14
Q

what metabolic pathways is the cytosol the site for

A

glycolysis
gluconeogenesis
pentose phosphate pathway
fatty acid synthesis

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15
Q

what is the cytoskeleton composed of

A

fibrous proteins:
- actin filaments
- intermediate filaments
- microtubules

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16
Q

what is the function of the cytoskeleton

A

provide structure and support inside the cell.
anchors cell / aids in cell motility.
helps materials inside cell move

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17
Q

what are the nonmembranous organelles

A

ribosomes
centrosome/centrioles
cilia/flagella
cytoskeleton
nucleolus

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18
Q

what are the membranous organelles

A

2 lipid bilayer membrane:
- nucleus
- mitochondria
1 lipid bilayer membrane:
- rough and smooth ER
- golgi apparatus
- lysosomes
- peroxisomes
- plasma membrane

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19
Q

what is the function of the smooth er

A

lipid processing center.
converts fat-soluble toxins to water-soluble substances.
sequesters ca2+ from cytosol

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20
Q

what happens in the mitochondria

A

fatty acid oxidation.
krebs.
oxidative phosphorylation.
regulates apoptosis

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21
Q

what is the function of lysosomes

A

site of intracellular digestion.
contains enzymes that break down old cellular components/foreign particles.
acidic ph is about 5

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22
Q

what do peroxisomes help with

A

fatty acid oxidation.
neutralize free radicals.
myelin synthesis.
cholesterol synthesis

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23
Q

function of the extracellular matrix

A

provide cells with structural support.
anchors cells in place.
binds cells together, forming tissues

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24
Q

what do primary structure proteins undergo and form

A

undergo condensation reactions to form long chains –> create peptide bonds

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25
secondary structure of proteins
hydrogen bonds between hydrogen of amine group and oxygen of carbonyl group in polypeptides backbone. alpha helix or beta sheets.
26
tertiary structure of proteins
interactions between R chains. - hydrogen bonds - ionic bonds - van der waals interactions - hydrophobic interactions - disulfide bridges 3D shape
27
quaternary structure of proteins
interactions between multiple polypeptide chains
28
components of fibrous / globular
fibrous: elongated, insoluble in water, structural. - ex: collagen/elastin globular: compact/spherical, soluble exterior with insoluble interior, non-structural roles. - ex: immunoglobin, hemoglobin, enzymes
29
explain the general structure of carbohydrates
chains of carbons with hydroxyl groups and one carbonyl group. terminal = aldose. non-terminal = ketose. D or L based on location of hydroxyl furthest from carbonyl
30
do aldehydes or ketones have a higher priority? how do you name them?
aldehydes have higher priority. name as aldehyde and ketone is "oxo" substituent
31
what do condensation reactions form
glycosidic bonds --> create disaccharides / oligosaccharides / polysaccharides. forms between hydroxyl of one group and anomeric carbon of another
32
what is an anomeric carbon
in a cyclic carbon, the carbon that was the carbonyl carbon in acyclic form. next to the oxygen atom in the ring
33
what is sucrose
glucose fructose
34
what is maltose
glucose glucose
35
what is lactose
glucose galactose
36
what are oligosaccharides typically bound to and what are examples
bound to proteins in membrane as glycoproteins. ex: immunoglobulin, mucin.
37
examples of polysaccharides
cellulose starch GAGs glycogen
38
what bonds does cellulose have? branching or no branching?
beta bonds, no branching
39
can cellulose be digested by humans?
unable to be digested by humans
40
what does cellulose do in the digestive tract
helps delay absorption of other carbs in your digestive tract, thereby preventing blood glucose spikes
41
what is starch
storage form of glucose in plants
42
what types of bonds does starch have? branching or no branching?
alpha bonds. branched or unbranched. - branched: amylopectin - unbranched: amylose
43
what is glycogen
storage form of glucose in animals. created if the body has enough glucose for energy needs. live and muscle
44
what type of bonds does glycogen have? branching or unbranching?
alpha bonds. extensive branching.
45
what are GAGs composed of
repeating disaccharide units (amino sugar and uronic acid or galactose)
46
are GAGs branched or unbranched
branched. bottle brush structure.
47
do GAGs have a positive or negative charge
negative charge - attracts water. lubricant/shock absorber due to high viscosity, low compressibility
48
where are GAGs located
ECM or cell membranes. fill ECM as hydrated gel
49
what are proteoglycans
GAGs that are attached to core proteins
50
what are the 5 groups of GAGs
1. Chondroitin sulfate (most abundant). 2. Keratan sulfate (originally isolated in cornea). 3. Dermatan sulfate (mostly found in skin). 4. Heparan sulfate (animal tissues). 5. Hyaluronate (only GAG not sulfated or linked to a core protein; vitreous humor).
51
examples of GAGs
Aggrecan Lumican Keratocan Mimecan Decorin
52
what are lipids and what do they consist of
organic compounds. largely hydrophobic. consists mainly of carbon and hydrogen, some oxygen.
53
what are the types of simple lipids
esters of fatty acids: - fatty acids - triglycerides
54
what is the precursor to triglycerides
fatty acids
55
what is palmitic acid
hexadecanoic acid. fatty acid. most common saturated fat in plants and animals.
56
what does omega refer to
the position of the 1st double bond relative to the methyl end (omega end)
57
what type of bond do saturated fatty acids have
single bonds
58
what type of bond do unsaturated fatty acids have
double bonds: - cis: naturally occurring - trans: processed fats
59
structure of triglyceride
glycerol as the alcohol ester with fatty acids
60
function of triglycerides
energy store thermal insulation filling space binding organs together cushioning organs
61
when are triglycerides broken down
during low food periods for energy
62
structure of complex lipids and the types
esters of fatty acids + additional groups. phospholipids. sphingolipids.
63
function of phospholipids
structural component of cell/organelle membranes. aid in fat digestion
64
structure of phospholipids
2 fatty acids + glycerol + phosphate + 1 polar group. possible polar groups: - ethanolamine - choline = phospholipid - serine - inositol
65
function of sphingolipids
structural component of cell membranes (esp. nerve cells) chemical messengers
66
structure of sphingolipids
sphinogosine as the alcohol ester with fatty acids + head group. possible head group: - hydrogen (ceramide). - phosphocholine (sphingomyelin). - sugar (glycolipid; 1 sugar = cerebroside, >1 sugar =ganglioside).
67
what are derived lipids derived from and name the different types
hydrolysis of simple/complex lipids. steroids. fat-soluble vitamins. eicosanoids. isoprenoids.
68
structure of steroids
4 fused rings with unique side chainssi
69
side chain of sterols
hydroxyl
70
most common sterol
cholesterol
71
what is cholesterol a precursor to
steroid hormones and bile salts
72
what are steroid hormones and the different types
chemical messengers. mineralocorticoids: corticosterone, aldosterone. glucocorticoids: cortisol. sex steroids: progesterone, testosterone, estrogen. vitamin d: some true steroid characteristics
73
what are bile salts
acid conjugated with glycine or taurine - reaction produces water and chemical salts
74
where are bile salts stored
gallbladder
75
function of bile salts
digestion of dietary lipids absorption of fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E, K
76
what are the fat-soluble vitamins
A D E K
77
what are fat-soluble vitamins involved in
blood clotting wound healing vision calcium absorption
78
what are eicosanoids and what are they derived from
chemical messengers. derived from arachidonic acid
79
examples of eicosanoids
prostaglandins leukotrienes thromboxanes
80
what are isoprenoids
isoprene subunits of unsaturated pentahydrocarbons. fat soluble vitamins A, E, and K
81
what are minerals
inorganics found in soil / water and absorbed by plants, eaten by animals
82
macromolecules and their functions
1. Calcium: - bone and teeth formation - muscle contraction - nervous system function - hormone secretion 2. Phosphorus: - ATP formation - bone formation - hormone activation 3. Chloride: - nervous system function - fluid balance 4. Potassium: - nervous system function - fluid balance - blood pressure regulation 5. Sodium: - nervous system function - fluid balance - blood pressure regulation - muscle contraction 6. Magnesium
83
what are the microminerals and their functions
1. Selenium: antioxidant. 2. Copper: antioxidant. 3. Zinc: antioxidant. 4. Iodine: thyroid hormone production. 5. Chromium 6. Iron: hemoglobin formation
84
what are vitamins
organics made by plants and animals, eaten by humans
85
what vitamins does the body not make enough of
vitamin d and k
86
what do most vitamins function as
coenzymes: organic molecules that are required by certain enzymes to carry out catalysis
87
what are the fat-soluble vitamins and their functions
1. A - retinol: vision; deficiency: night blindness, dry eye. 2. D - cholecalciferol. 3. E - tocopherol: antioxidant. 4. K: blood clotting; deficiency: hemorrhage.
88
what are the water-soluble vitamins and their functions
B1 - Thiamine. B2 - Riboflavin: corneal cross linking. B3 - Niacin. B5 - Pantothenoic acid. B6 - Pyridoxine. B7 - Biotin. B9 - Folate/folic acid. B12 - Cobalamin: myelin synthesis, RBC formation; deficiency: irreversible nerve damage, anemia. C - Ascorbic acid: antioxidant.
89
how are electronegativity and atomic size related on the periodic table
inversely related. electronegativity is greatest in top right corner. atomic size is greatest in bottom left corner.
90
what do polar covalent bonds create
partial negatives and positives. cations: pos. charge, loss of electrons. anions: neg. charge, gain of electrons. nonpolar molecules are not electrostatically attracted to water, so water forms ordered cages around them.
91
what does the value of pKa change with
temperature
92
what is Ka
dissociation or equilibrium constant. a stronger acid dissociates completely and will have a large [H+], therefore a large Ka.
93
what do weak acids neutralize
OH
94
what do weak bases neutralize
H
95
what are phosphate buffers
phosphate exists as sodium dihydrogen phosphate (weak acid) and sodium monohydrogen phosphate (conjugate base)
96
what is carbonic acid / bicarbonate
carbonic acid: weak acid. bicarbonate: conjugate base
97
what is the pH of blood
7.4
98
pH of blood = < 7.35
metabolic acidosis
99
pH of blood = > 7.45
metabolic alkalosis
100
do carboxyl functional groups act as weak acids or bases
weak acids
101
do amino functional groups act as weak acids or basese
weak bases

OPT 116 (7 decks)

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