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GEOG 111 > MIDTERM 1 > Flashcards

MIDTERM 1 Flashcards

(109 cards)

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1
Q

What are the 6 sub disciplines of geography developed by Immanuel Kant?

A

Physical
Mathematical
Moral
Political
Commercial
Theological

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2
Q

The Quantitative Revolution

A

measurement became central focus of research in physical geography

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3
Q

The 4 academic traditions of geography

A

Spatial
Area Studies
Human-Land
Earth Science

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4
Q

5 themes of modern geography

A

Location
Region
Human-land tradition
Movement
Place

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5
Q

System

A

any ordered interrelated set of things and their attributes linked by flows of energy and matter as distinct from the surrounding environment outside the system

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6
Q

The 3 types of systems

A

isolated
opened
closed

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7
Q

Closed system example

A

earth systems in terms of matter and resources (no new nothing has entered earth)

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8
Q

Open system example

A

photosynthesis

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9
Q

The 2 kinds of feedback loops

A

Positive
Negative

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10
Q

negative feedback loop

A

new information discourages response in a system
ex. more lynx in populations means less hares in a population

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11
Q

Positive feedback loop

A

new information increases response in system
ex. ice albedo loop:

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12
Q

steady state equilibrium

A

Rates of system where input/outputs are equal, and amount of material in system is more constant over time

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13
Q

dynamic equilibrium

A

The state of natural systems oscillates around a mean condition, but will trend over time (will stay the same, but on a trend)

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14
Q

nebula hypothesis

A

spinning mass makes one plane, gravity forms protosun, accretion forms planets

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15
Q

what is our knowledge of the universe based on?

A

optical and radio telescopes

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16
Q

3 components the Milky Way is compromised of

A

disk
nuclear buldge
halo

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17
Q

Disk

A

Plane of rotation consisting of young stars, globular clusters, gas and dust

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18
Q

Nuclear bulge

A

dense mass of young and old stars

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19
Q

Halo

A

Thin cloud of stars

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20
Q

What components made up the early atmosphere?

A

H2O
HCN
NH3
CH4
S

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21
Q

What new components made up the second atmosphere?

A

CO2
N2

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22
Q
A
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23
Q

What caused an increase in O2 into atmosphere from 1% to 21%

A

Development of evolution and growth of life

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24
Q

The 4 “spheres” of earth

A

Lithosphere/geosphere
Atmosphere
Hydrosphere
Biosphere

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25
Lithosphere/geosphere
The rocky group of earth Consists of 3 components: -igneous -sedimentary -metamorphic
26
Atmosphere
gaseous envelope of air that surrounds earth where weather occurs
27
Water moves around earth by what processes?
Evaporation condensation Run-off precipitation Infiltration Groundwater flow
28
Biosphere
contains all living things
29
What is responsible for diversity and complexity in living things?
Evolution
30
2 types of energy
Kinetic Potential
31
7 different forms of energy
Heat Electricity Sound Energy of chemical reactions Magnetic attraction Energy of atomic reactions Light
32
What are the 3 ways energy can be transferred?
Conduction Convection Radiation
33
Conduction
Energy transferred directly from molecule to molecule; represents flow of energy along temp gradient
34
Convection
Transfer of energy by vertical mass motions of a gaseous/liquid medium
35
Radiation
Emission/propagation of energy in form of electromagnetic waves
36
What is the biggest form of energy transfer on earth
radiation
37
radioactive decay
loss of subatomic particles from an atom
38
ions
elements with a + or - charge
39
molecules
structures of matter larger than 1 atom
40
compounds
different elements joining together
41
The other 4 states of matter
Plasma Supercooled liquid (glass) Supercritical fluid Bose-einstein condensate
42
what 2 forms can matter be found in
Organic Inorganic
43
examples of organic compounds
Lipids Carbs Proteins Nucleic acids
44
what organic compound is found in the hydrocarbon family?
Lipids/fats
45
What atoms make up carbohydrates
carbon oxygen hydrogen
46
What atoms make up proteins
nitrogen carbon hydrogen minor elements
47
what atoms make up nucleic acids
carbon hydrogen nitrogen oxygen phosphorus
48
what do you get when you package together the 4 organic compounds
a cell
49
where do the processes of metabolism and hereditary occur?
inside a cell
50
prokaryotes
The simple organisms -Bacteria -archaea -cyanobacteria
51
eukaryotes
Cells of plants and animals are complicated in structure/function
52
what forms of energy do organisms use to create sugars fats and proteins
chemical light
53
tissue
group of cells that have become specialized to perform a certain function
54
3 properties of matter
Volume mass density
55
Langley
intensity of radiation measured per minute and equal to one calorie
56
Watt
measurement of intensity of radiation over a square metre surface; 1 watt is equal to 1 joule of work/sec
57
heat
energy transferred between objects
58
heat capacity
ratio of amount of heat energy absorbed by that substance to corresponding temperature rise heat energy absorbed:temperature rise
59
specific heat
heat capacity of unit mass of substance or heat needed to raise temp of 1g of substance 1 degree celsius
60
sensible heat
heat that can be measured by a thermometer ; sensed by humans
61
latent heat
energy required to change a substance to a higher state of matter
62
specific heat example
water heating up slower than land, water cooling of slower than land
63
The capture and use of energy in living systems is dominated by what?
photosynthesis respiration
64
Field of thermodynamics
studies the behaviour of energy flow on natural systems a number of physical laws have been established from this
65
The 3 laws of thermodynamics (and 4th)
1. energy cannot be created or destroyed 2. Natural processes involving energy transfer only have 1 direction 3.No kinetic energy, we reach a state called absolute zero 4. law of temp and thermal equilibrium: Allows us to define temperature scales and thermometers
66
3 different types of radiation
Infra-red radiation Microwaves X ray radiation
67
what radiation makes up 48% of light
infrared
68
what type of radiation makes up 7% of the suns emissions
ultraviolet
69
Amount of electromagnetic emission emitted by a body is directly related to what?
Temperature
70
What creates heat energy? (atomic level)
Absorption of photon by an atom
71
Wien's law
Wavelength of maximum emission of any body is inversely proportional to its absolute temperature
72
Inverse square law
as radiation travels away from a body its intensity decreases exponentially
73
Almost all energy that drives systems found on earth originate from what?
Sun
74
solar flares
giant ejection of gases from the sun
75
How are earths seasons controlled?
changes in duration and intensity of solar radiation/insolation
76
angle of incidence
77
how is nitrogen created in the atmosphere
lightning through precipitation nitrogen fixing bacteria
78
How is oxygen moved throughout the earth/atmosphere
photosynthesis/respiration
79
what is the 5th most abundant gas in the atmosphere
carbon dioxide
80
primary sources for methane that exists in the atmosphere
rice cultivation, domestic grazing animals, termites, landfills, coal mining, oil/gas extraction
81
Sources that increase nitrous oxide in atmosphere
Land use conversion, fossil fuel combustion, biomass burning, soil fertilisation
82
Aerosols
small solid particles and liquid droplets in the air
83
The 4 layers of earth
troposphere stratosphere mesosphere thermosphere
84
where does most weather occur?
troposphere
85
what layer is 80% of earths mass
troposphere
86
environmental lapse rate
air cools 6.5 celsius per 1000m
87
0-11km from earths surface
troposphere
88
11-50km earths surface
stratosphere
89
why does temp increases with altitude in stratosphere?
O3 concentrations O3 molecules absorb ultraviolet sunlight creating heat energy
90
50-80km above earths surface
mesosphere
91
what is the coldest layer in the atmosphere?
mesosphere
92
what layer of earths surface is the last of the homosphere?
mesosphere
93
over 1000km above earths surface
thermosphere
94
what is the hottest layer in the atmosphere?
thermosphere
95
what influences all atmospheric processes?
gravity
96
what happens to density and pressure of air as you move away from earths surface?
decreases
97
atmospheric pressure
weight of the atmosphere
98
instrument that measures air pressure
barometer
99
3 atmospheric processes that modify solar radiation
Scattering Absorption Reflection
100
scattering
Small particles of gas molecules diffuse incoming radiation without altering the wavelength dependent on: wavelength of radiation size of particles
101
absorption
A process where solar radiation is retained and converted into heat energy
102
reflection
sunlight is redirected 180 degrees (sent straight back)
103
what causes our skies to look blue
scattering of solar radiation particles
104
what is the reflectivity of a cloud
40-90%
105
what atmospheric process causes 100% loss in insolation
reflection
106
Direct solar radiation
sun reaching earth's surface
107
Diffused solar radiation
radiation that reaches earth's surface after layered by process of scattering
108
how much energy taken in by the sun can actually do work
50%
109
What produces specific patterns of insolation receipt?
Combined effect of earth-sun geometry and the atmosphere modification

GEOG 111 (3 decks)

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