Midterm 1 Flashcards
(144 cards)
1
Q
What is Communication
A
The exchange of information in different ways
2
Q
What is Language
A
Made up of socially shared rules
3
Q
What socially shared rules are used in language
A
- what words mean
- how to put words together
- what we should say at different times
4
Q
What is Speech
A
Our verbal means of communicating or how we say sounds and words
5
Q
What is included in Speech
A
- Articulation
- Voice
- Fluency
6
Q
What is Articulation
A
How we make speech sounds using our mouth
7
Q
What is Voice
A
How we use our vocal tract and our breathing to make sounds
8
Q
What is Fluency
A
The rhythm of our speech
9
Q
What is Phonetics
A
The study of all possible speech sounds and their form, substance, perception, and the application of this knowledge to linguistic expressions
10
Q
What is Articulatory Phonetics
A
How different speech sounds are produced by speakers of a language.
11
Q
How are Vowels produced and does the tongue make contact with any articulators?
A
Produced with an OPEN vocal tract.
The tongue does NOT make contact with any articulators
12
Q
How are Consonants produced and does the tongue make contact with articulatory?
A
Produced with a CLOSED vocal tract
There is significant/partial articulatory constriction and involvement of the tongue and other articulators
13
Q
What is Acoustic Phonetics
A
Deals with the properties of speech sound waves
14
Q
Name the 3 things apart of acoustic phonetics
A
- frequency (pitch)
- intensity (loudness)
- duration (length)
15
Q
What is frequency and what else can it be called
A
- pitch
- number of vibrations or sound waves per second at the level of the vocal folds
16
Q
What is intensity and how else is it known as
A
- loudness
- the amount of force or pressure from the lungs blowing across our vocal folds
17
Q
What is duration and how else is it known as
A
- length
- the length of time that you produce a sound
18
Q
What is Auditory/Perceptual Phonetics
A
Identification and interpretation of sound by the listener.
(Individuals of the same language will deem if it is acceptable or not)
19
Q
What is Phones
A
Individual units of speech used in any language. It may or may not be a sound in our particular language
20
Q
Name some examples of Phones
A
- groans
- crying
- whistling
- raspberry
- clicks
21
Q
What is Phonology
A
The study of the structure and systematic patterning of sounds within a particular language.
22
Q
Name the two examples of phonology
A
- which sound language users use
- how the sounds are organized and arranged
23
Q
What are Phonemes
A
The smallest linguistic unit that is able to establish and distinguish between word meanings of a particular language when combined with other units
24
Q
What are Allophones
A
Non-meaningful change in variation of a speech sound
25
What is the difference between Phonetics and Phonology
- Phonetics is the study of all possible speech sounds whether it is in our language or not.
- Phonology is the study of the structure and patterning of sounds within a particular language. How the sounds are organized and arranged within that particular language
26
What is Articulation Disorder
Refers to making sounds. The production of sounds involves the coordinated movements of the lips, tongue, teeth, palate and respiratory system (lungs)
27
What might an individual with Articulation Disorder present with?
- Problems forming particular speech sounds properly. Ex. “Thun” instead of “sun”
- they may not be able to produce a particular sound. Ex. “Wabbit” instead of “rabbit”
28
What is Phonological Disorder
The pattern in which sounds are put together to make words.
29
What might an individual with Phonological Disorder present with
- are able to make the sounds in isolation correctly but might use it in the wrong word position. Ex. “Do” for “go” but can say /g/ on its own
- make mistakes with the particular sounds in words. Ex. Can say /k/ in kite but not in /like/
30
What kind of service is Accent Modification
It is an elective service
31
What is Accent Modification
Accents are systematic variations in the execution of speech characterized by differences in phonological and/or prosodic features that are perceived as different from any native, standard, or dialectical form of speech
32
What Prosodic Features are included in Accent Modification
- rhythm
- intonation
- stress
33
What is Rhythm
- How fluent and smooth speech is vs. those who stutter.
- We tend to speak quicker when we get excited or nervous.
34
What is Intonation
The rise/fall of how we say things
35
What is Stress
Enunciate or over-exaggerate a sound that changes its meaning. It can be at the word, phrase or sentence level.
36
What systems are involved in producing speech
- respiratory
- phonatory
- resonatory
- articulatory
37
What is Speech Mechanism
Include the structures and systems that are involved in producing speech.
38
What does the Respiratory System consist of and what are the structures related to?
- consists primarily of the lungs and airways, including the trachea, ribcage, abdomen, and diaphragm.
- these structures directly relate to respiration, for the exchange of gases necessary for sustaining life
39
Why is the respiratory system (lungs, airways, etc.) structures necessary?
Necessary to generate airflow that make voice and speech possible
40
What does the Phonatory system consists of and what is it responsible for?
- The larynx
- it is responsible for phonation
41
What is phonation
The production of tones resulting from vibration of the vocal folds
42
What is the resonatory system and what role does it play?
- composed of a series of three cavities: the oral, nasal and pharyngeal cavities.
- plays a vital role in resonance.
43
What three cavities are apart of the Resonatory system
- oral
- nasal
- pharyngeal
44
What is resonance
The selective absorption and reinforcement of sound energies, which create the characteristic quality of certain speech sounds
*creates our unique voice*
45
What structures are apart of the articulatory system and why are they important
- structures are in the oral cavity called articulators which include the mandible, tongue, lips, teeth, alveolar ridge, hard palate and velum.
- they are important in forming the individual speech sounds.
46
What does it mean when we say speech is a side effect and give an example
It is a side effect because it is not a primary/vital function important for life supporting tasks.
- example would be how the primary function of the respiratory system is to provide the exchange of gases necessary for life but the secondary function is speech production
47
What does primary function mean
The life supporting tasks of the speech mechanism
48
What does secondary function mean
That speech is an overlaid or secondary function of those structures and systems (NOT VITAL)
49
What is the primary function of the respiratory system
To provide the vital exchange of gases that are necessary for life
50
What is the secondary function of the respiratory system
Generating a source of pressured energy in the form of a stream of air for the production of speech
(SPEECH PRODUCTION)
51
What do the intercostals and the external intercostals help with
They both help push the ribcage up and contract when inhaling/exhaling
52
What is the primary structure during inspiration/inhalation and what does it divide
- the diaphragm is the primary structure
- it divides the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity
53
As inhalation begins what does the diaphragm do?
It contracts (goes down)
54
What do the external intercostals do during inspiration/inhalation
They contract to lift the ribs, lift the sternum, and lift the thoracic cavity
55
What do the lungs do during inspiration/inhalation
The lungs stretch out following the movement of the diaphragm and ribcage
56
During inspiration/inhalation how is the pressure inside the lungs compared to the pressure outside the body
The pressure inside the lungs is now lower than the pressure outside the body
57
What happens to air during inspiration/inhalation
Air gets pulled into the lungs
58
What does the diaphragm do during inspiration/inhalation
The diaphragm pushes down on the abdominal cavities
59
What happens to the abdomen during inspiration/inhalation
The abdomen expands
60
What happens to the lungs during expiration/exhalation
The lungs recoil
61
What happens to the ribcage during expiration/exhalation
The ribcage gets pulled inward by the intercostals
62
What happens to the diaphragm during expiration/exhalation
The diaphragm gets pulled upward
63
How is the pressure inside the lungs compared to outside the body during expiration/exhalation
The pressure inside the lungs is now higher than the pressure outside the body
64
What happens to air during expiration/exhalation
Air is forced out of the respiratory tract
65
What happens to the diaphragm and abdomen during expiration/exhalation
The diaphragm no longer pushes on the abdominal cavity which allows the abdomen to be pulled inward
66
How does the respiratory system relate to speech?
- it is the source of where sound is
- at rest, the duration of time to inhale and exhale are pretty equal and both are generally short phases
- it gives us time to say what we need to.
67
What is the principle structure of the phonatory system
The larynx
68
What is the most important part of the larynx and why is it important
- the vocal folds are the most important part of the larynx
- it provides the source of sound for speech
69
What is the primary function of the larynx (phonatory system)
Helps prevent foreign substances from entering the airway by forcing them out. Ex. By coughing
70
What is the secondary function of the phonatory system
Being the sound generator
71
List the 12 important structures apart of the phonatory system
1. Epiglottis
2. Hyoid bone
3. Thyroid Cartilage
4. Arytenoid Cartilage
5. Trachea
6. Glottis
7. Thyroarytenoid muscle
8. Lateral cricoarytenoid
9. Transverse interarytenoid
10. Oblique interarytenoid
11. Posterior cricoarytenoid muscle
12. Cricothyroid muscle
72
Define the epiglottis
Usually upright at rest allowing air to pass into the larynx and lungs. When a person swallows, the epiglottis returns to its original upright position
73
Define the hyoid bone
Is the horseshoe-shaped bone in the larynx and is the only bone that is not connected to other bones. It attaches to cartilage, muscles, and ligaments.
- has a big role in mastication (chewing), tongue movement, phonation, and swallowing
74
Define the thyroid cartilage
The tough, flexible tissue that forms the front part of the larynx. It supports and protects the vocal folds and helps create the sound of a persons voice. The thyroid cartilage is also known as the Adam’s apple
75
Define the arytenoid cartilage
Attached to the vocal folds and move the vocal folds allowing tension, relaxation, or approximation of the vocal folds
76
Define trachea
A.k.a the windpipe. It allows oxygen to go down into your lungs and where carbon dioxide goes back up to exit through the nasal or oral cavity
77
Define the glottis
Is the space between the vocal folds
78
Define the thyroarytenoid muscle
Makes up the main mass of the vocal folds
79
Name the 3 muscles that adduct the vocal folds (close)
- lateral cricoarytenoid
- transverse interarytenoid
- oblique interarytenoid
80
What is the lateral cricoarytenoid
A paired muscle, the fibers run from the lateral edges of the cricoid cartilage to the arytenoids
81
What is the transverse interarytenoid
Runs across the posterior portions of the arytenoid cartilages
82
What is the oblique interarytenoid
Runs from the base of one arytenoid to the apex of the other, crossing each other
83
Name the muscle that abducts the vocal folds (opens)
Posterior cricoarytenoid muscle
84
What is the posterior cricoarytenoid muscle
Paired muscles that take origin from the central ridge on the back of the cricoid cartilage to insert into the muscular process of the arytenoid cartilage
85
What muscle elongates and tenses the vocal folds
Cricothyroid muscle
86
What is included in the Cricothyroid muscle
The pars recta oblique muscles
87
What three cavities are apart of the resonatory system
- oral
- nasal
- pharyngeal
88
What is the primary function of the resonatory system
To direct food, liquid and oxygen to the appropriate areas
89
What is the secondary function of the resonatory system
Modifies sound energy
90
Describe the pharyngeal cavity
Contains a muscular and membranous tube-like structure, and is divided into three portions
- nasopharynx
- oropharynx
- laryngopharynx
91
Define the nasopharynx
Extends from the upper portion of the nasal cavity to the soft palate
92
Define the oropharynx
Extends from the soft palate to the hyoid bone
93
Define the laryngopharynx
Extends from the oropharynx to the entrance of the esophagus/larynx depending where it goes
94
Describe the oral cavity
Mouth area, extends from the lips to the soft palate (velum)
95
Describe the nasal cavity
Nose area, consists of two narrow chambers that begin at the velum and end at the exterior portion of the nostrils
96
What is considered the floor of the nasal cavities
The hard palate
97
How is sound generated by the larynx
It is modified as it travels through the pharyngeal, oral and/or nasal cavities
98
Describe the velopharyngeal port
Directly affects speech sound quality by channeling airflow through either the oral or the nasal cavities
- it can be closed by elevation and posterior movements of the velum
- some forward and medial movements of the posterior and lateral pharyngeal walls
99
Why is the closure of the vp port important
- during swallowing, the vp port closes as the food or drink passes from the oral into the pharyngeal cavity
- closure of the vp port is important for the production of specific groups of speech sounds.
- accurately times and adequate closure of the vp port is necessary for formal vocal quality. Without it, vocal quality may sound hyper nasal
100
What is the primary function of the Articulatory system
To bite and chew and being able to form the appropriate bolus for swallowing
101
What is the secondary function of the articulatory system
Forming the individual speech sounds
102
What are the key structures of the Articulatory system
- lips
- tongue
- mandible (lower jaw)
- teeth
- alveolar ridge
- hard palate
- soft palate (velum)
- uvula
103
Describe the lips
Consists of the muscles that allow the lips a wide range of flexibility for facial expression as well as for speech sound production
104
Describe the tongue
Is the most active one for speech sound production. Due to the manner of the manny muscles involved in the tongue, it is capable of a wide range of movements.
- the shape of the tongue plays a major role in both vowel and consonant production
105
Describe the mandible
Houses the lower teeth
- the degree and opening is important
106
What is the primary function of the teeth
To bite and chew food before swallowing
107
What is the secondary function of the teeth
Speech production
108
Describe the alveolar ridge
Ridge-like structure posterior from the top front teeth
109
Describe the hard palate
Moving further back, it is the hard bony cave-like structure on the roof of your mouth
110
Describe the soft palate (velum)
Moving further back, is the softer muscular portion which is the soft palate
111
Describe the uvula
Appendage-like extension of the soft palate. No AE phoneme or sound is produced with the uvula
112
What is phonetic transcription used for and how many versions are there
It is used to refer to the written notation of speech sounds
- there are 2 types: narrow and broad transcription
113
Describe Narrow Transcription
Entails the use of a phonetic categorization that include as much production detail as possible. For phonetic transcription, the symbols are placed within brackets
114
Describe Broad Transcription
Based on the phonemes system of a particular language, each symbol represents a phoneme in a particular language. For phonemic transcription, the symbols are placed within the slashes
115
Define International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)
Is the most widely used system to document individual speech sounds and their variations
116
When was the first version of the IPA published
In 1888
117
Which alphabet were the symbols based on
The Roman alphabet
118
What was the aim of IPA?
To allow anyone who was familiar with the system the possibility of having an accurate idea of how to pronounce any language in the world
119
Why not stick to orthography
A single letter in the alphabet often represents more than one sound and single speech sounds can be represented by different letters
120
What is orthography
An alphabet to represent speech sounds of a particular language
121
What was the solution to not using orthography
IPA because one symbols represents one sound and one sound represents one symbol
122
List the four major difficulties of learning IPA
- you have to free yourself form learning the visual alphabet
- it’s difficult, you have to analyze words into their component sounds
- combining sounds into words by scanning and blending
- establishing a strong association between sound and phonetic symbols.
123
Give some examples of freeing yourself from learning the visual alphabet a.k.a “sight reading”
- one sound is often represented by several different spellings (ex. May, able, steak, chain, ballet, matinee, gauge)
- the same letter can represent several different sounds (ex. /o/ in toe, today, woman, clock, all sound different)
- in IPA there is a one-symbol-to-one-sound correspondence. The use of digraphs in a particular language violates this principle (ex. Digraphs = 2 letters formulating a sound. P and h make /f/
- English spelling often uses letters to represent no sound at all (ex. “K” in knee”)
124
Define scanning
Ability to see and hear individual symbols and corresponding sounds
125
Define blending
Putting those sounds together. Being able to recognize syllables in the word and the stress in the word and how it changes the meaning of that word
126
How do we use the IPA?
- think in terms of sounds NOT letters
- learn which symbol represents which sound
- listen carefully and avoid your own auditory biases
127
Define vowels
Sounds produced with a relatively unobstructed (OPEN) vocal tract
- no articulators make contact
128
Define consonants
Sounds produced by a degree of obstruction in the vocal tract (CLOSED VOCAL TRACT)
- articulators make contact
129
Describe voicing
Vibration of vocal folds in the larynx
130
Describe place of articulation
Describing the place/position of the articulators where maximum constriction (partial or total) occurs while producing a sound
131
Define Bilabial
Upper and lower lips come together
132
Define Labiodental
Lower lip makes contact with upper teeth
133
Define interdental
Tongue is between the teeth
134
Define alveolar
Tongue makes contact with alveolar ridge
135
Define velar
Back of tongue makes contact with the soft palate (velum)
136
Define Palatal
Body of the tongue makes contact with the hard palate
137
Define glottal
Open space between vocal folds
138
Define manner of articulation
How sound is produced / type of production
139
Define stops (plosives)
Total obstruction of airflow that is quickly released
140
Define nasals
Air is going through the nasal cavity (only 3 nasal sounds)
141
Define fricatives
Partial blockage of airflow
- airflow is constricted to the point of causing friction
142
Define Affricates
Combination of stop and fricatives
- starts as a stop sound and is releases into a Fricative
143
Define lateral
Air goes around both sides of the tongue
144
Define glides
Sounds that are produced with the mouth in motion
