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Molecular Biology and Genetics > Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Flashcards

1
Q

dihybrid cross

A

cross between two organisms with different variations at 2 locuses

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2
Q

monohybrid cross

A

cross between two organisms with different variations at 1 locus

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3
Q

mitosis

A

somatic cells, results in 2 diploid genetically identical daughter cells, PPMATC

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4
Q

diploid

A

cell with 2 sets of chromosomes, 1 from each parent

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5
Q

prophase

A

chromosomes condense, centrosomes migrate to opposite poles and release microtubules

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6
Q

prometaphase

A

microtubules attach to chromosome and nuclear envelope breaks down

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7
Q

metaphase

A

chromosomes align at middle of cell

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8
Q

anaphase

A

sister chromatids separate to opposite poles

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9
Q

telophase

A

nuclear envelope reforms, chromosomes decompress

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10
Q

cytokenesis

A

division into 2 daughter cells

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11
Q

sister chromatids

A

replicated chromosome

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12
Q

homologous chromosomes

A

2 pairs of sister chromatids with genes at the same location

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13
Q

meiosis

A

germ and sex cells, results in 4 haploid genetically unique daughter cells

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14
Q

prophase I

A

chromosomes condense, undergo synapsis, each pair forms bivalent with 2 sister chromatids

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15
Q

synapsis

A

pairing up of homologous chromosomes and swapping of alleles

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16
Q

prometaphase I

A

spindle attach to kinetochores on chromosomes

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17
Q

metaphase I

A

homologous pairs line up at middle of cells

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18
Q

anaphase I

A

pairs separate but sister chromatids do not

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19
Q

telophase I and cytokinesis

A

chromosomes gather at opposite poles, cytoplasm divides, 2 haploid cells

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20
Q

meiosis II

A

same process as mitosis

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21
Q

null/amorphic alleles

A

recessive, nonfunctional protein produced or no protein

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22
Q

hypomorphic alleles

A

recessive, poorly functioning or less amounts of normal functioning protein produced

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23
Q

hypermorphic alleles

A

dominant, over production of protein or production of protein with increased activity

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24
Q

neomorphic/negative alleles

A

dominant, protein has new function or interferes with wildtype protein

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25
G2 of interphase
before prophase, DNA doubles
26
incomplete dominance
BB Bb and bb all differ phenotypically, Bb is between both
27
codominance
BB Bb and bb all differ phenotypically, Bb exhibits phenotypes of both
28
recessive lethal alleles
essential genes when mutated lead to lethal phenotype, YY, both big Y required to be lethal, 2:1
29
penetrance
proportion of individual organisms having a particular genotype that express the expected phenotype
30
dominant lethal alleles
only one big Y required to be lethal
31
expressivity
degree to which phenotype is expressed
32
complete penetrance
identical know genotypes yield 100% expected phenotype
33
incomplete penetrance
identical know genotypes produce <100% expected phenotype
34
constant expressivity
identical known genotypes with no expressivity effect yield 100% expected phenotype
35
variable expressivity
identical know genotypes with an expressivity effect yield a rang of phenotypes
36
environmental factors affecting phenotypic expression
age, sex, temperature, chemicals
37
phenocopy
change in phenotype arising from environmental factors that mimic the effects of a mutation in a gene
38
mendel's law of independent assortment
inheritance pattern of one trait will not affect inheritance pattern of another trait
39
genetic interaction
different combinations of alleles from 2 or more genes can result in different phenotypes
40
complementation
two strains of an organism with different homozygous recessive mutations that produce the same phenotype, produce offspring of wildtype phenotype when mated or crossed, mutation in different genes, 9:7
41
heterogeneous trait
mutation in any one of a number of genes can give rise to the same phenotype
42
genetic epistasis
masking the expression of one gene by another, no new phenotypes (hypostatic gene is masked)
43
recessive epistasis
homozygous recessives at one gene pair mask expression from the other, 9:3:4
44
dominant epistasis
one dominant allele at one gene masks expression from the other gene, 12:3:1
45
pleiotropy
single gene is responsible for a number of distinct and seemingly unrelated phenotypic effects
46
heterosis
when 2 different inbred lines are crossed and hybrids are heterozygous for many genes, hybrid vigor
47
hardy weinberg principle
predicting genotypes through allele frequencies in population, p^2+2pq+q^2
48
dosage compensation
way of equalizing gene expression in the face of different gene dosage
49
monoploidy
one set of chromosomes
50
polyploidy
more than two sets of chromosomes
51
aneuploidy
abnormal number of total chromosomes, can be caused by meiotic nondisjunction
52
allopolyploids
some polyploidy are result of crosses between 2 or more species
53
trisomy 21
down syndrome, chromosome 21 is little
54
turner syndrome
XO, monosomy, short wide chested and thick neck, treated with growth hormone
55
klinefelter syndrome
XXY, symptoms after puberty, female attributes treated with T
56
triple X syndrome
XXX
57
double Y males
XYY
58
hypoploidy and hyperploidy
less genetic material and more genetic material
59
pericentric inversion
chromosome rearrangement including centromere
60
paracentric inversion
chromosome rearrangement excluding centromere, forms a loop
61
translocation
segment from one chromosome detaches and reattaches to different chromosome
62
reciprocal translocation
pieces of 2 nonhomologous chromosome are exchanged without any net loss of genetic material
63
compound chromosome
formed by fusion of homologous chromosomes, pieces lost in fusion
64
robertsonian translocations
formed by the fusion of 2 nonhomologous chromosomes at their centromeres, centromeres are not centered and the two chromosomes pair and loose their short ends so centromere becomes more center
65
frequency of combination, distance between genes
number of recombinants/total # of offspring x 100= map units
66
homologous recombination
prophase I of meiosis, tetrad or bivalent formed, chiasma is physical junction where recombination occurs
67
chromosome mapping
mapping linked genes on a chromosome by studying how often the genes recombine
68
bacteriophage T4
protein head, genome of 168,800 base pairs and 150 genes, lytic cycle
69
bacteriophage lambda
genome of 48,502 base pairs and 50 genes, lytic or lysogenic, in integrated stats lambda chromosome is called prophage and lytic genes are kept turned off
70
episomes
large circular DNA that can integrate into bacterial chromosomes for replication or remain separate
71
prototrophs and auxotrophs
cannot make certain AA, need to be added to growth medium
72
transformation
transfer of a free out of cell piece of DNA from one bacterium to another
73
conjugation
direct transfer of DNA via a cytoplasmic bridge, f factor
74
transduction
transfer of genes from one cell to another via bacteriophage
75
nucleotides
nitrogen containing bases, sugar, phosphate
76
purine
adenine and guanine
77
pyrimidine
cytosine and thymine (uracil)
78
restriction enzymes
endonucleases in bacteria that destroy foreign DNA, cleave DNA at specific double stranded sequences know as restriction sites
79
cloning plasmid requirements
multiple cloning site, origin of replication, selectable marker
80
multiple cloning site
region with many restriction sites where external DNA is inserted
81
origin of replication
site that enables plasmid replication in host cells
82
selectable marker
allows researchers to select cells that contain plasmid
83
pcr
denaturation, annealing, elongation
84
bacterial chromosomes
circular molecules of DNA with 40-50 loops
85
eukaryotic chromosomes
11nm ellipsodal beads called nucleosomes, 5 histones, protein
86
first level nucleosomes
nucleotide pairs wrapped around nucleosome core
87
second level
30nm chromatin packaging
88
third level inter-phase chromosomes
fibers segregated into 300nm domains by scaffolds composed of no histone proteins

Molecular Biology and Genetics (2 decks)

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