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PSYC 3140 > Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Flashcards

(108 cards)

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1
Q

What is psychpathology?

A

The field concerned with the nature and development of mental disorders

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2
Q

Our best definition of what makes behaviour abnormal includes?

A

statistical infrequency, violation of norms, personal distress, dysfunction, unexpectedness

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3
Q

Is everything that is not common abnormal?

A

no

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4
Q

How does the condition of violating norms for abnormal behaviour make it relative?

A

social norms are different in cultures, not all people who violate norms are studied, not all mentally ill people outwardly violate nroms

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5
Q

Do all mental disorders cause personal suffereing?

A

no, some (ASPD) cause lack of remorse empahty

not all suffering is caused by mental illness

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6
Q

Do all mental illnessses need to be disabling?

A

no, needs to impact life but can be through personal distress

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7
Q

What is the difference between assessment and diagnosis?

A

figuring out whats wrong and what may have caused a problem VS labelling whats wrong as a disorder

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8
Q

What is psychotherapy?

A

primarily verbal means of helping troubled individuals change their thoughts, feelings, and behaviour to reduce distress and to achieve greater life satisfaction

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9
Q

Who gives psychotherapy?

A

psychologist/therapistsH

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10
Q

Who has prescriptive authority?

A

psychiatrists

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11
Q

What is demonology?

A

the belief that a persons abnormal behaviour is caused by an autonomous evil spirit

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12
Q

Becuase people used to believe that demons caused mental illness how did they use to treat it?

A

exorcism

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13
Q

What is trepanning?

A

making a surgical opening in a living skull

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14
Q

Why was trepanning used?

A

because of the belief that it would allow evil spirits to leave the body

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15
Q

What is somatogenesis?

A

idea that something wrong with the body causes mental disturbance

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16
Q

Where did somatogenetic viewpoint originate from?

A

hippocrates

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17
Q

What is self stigma?

A

stigma internalized into self view

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18
Q

Where is the term bedlam derived frrom?

A

scenes at Bethlehem Hospital in London, where unrestrained groups of mentally ill people interacted with each other

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19
Q

Who introduced and developed the cathartic method?

A

introduced by Breuer and developed further by Freud

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20
Q

What is the cathartic method?

A

a patient recalls and relives an earlier emotional catastrophe and re-experiences the tension and unhappiness

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21
Q

What is community psychology?

A

approach to therapy that emphasizes prevention and seeking out problems rather than waiting for troubled individuals to initiate consultation

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22
Q

What is general paresis actually caused by?

A

syphillis in the brain

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23
Q

How are you best able to keep track of subjective influences?

A

making your paradigm or scientific perspective explicit

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24
Q

Biological paradigm assumes?

A

psycopathology is caused by organic defect

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25
2 biological factors relevant to psychopathology are?
genetics and neurochemistry
26
What is the most influential psychological paradigm?
cognitive-behavioural paradigm
27
What paradigm was dervied from Freud?
psychoanalytic/psychodynamic paradigm
27
What do therapy in psychoanalytic try to do?
lift repressions so you can examine them
28
What parts of humanistic paradigm have become part of general therpay approach?
positive regard, treating them with empathy
29
The diathesis-stress paradigm assumes that?
people are predisposed to react adversely to environmental stressors
30
What are action therapies also called?
behavioural therapies
31
What is assertion training?
Behaviour therapy procedures that attempt to help someone express thoughts, wishes, beliefs, and legitimate feelings of resentment or approval
32
What is concordance?
the similarity in psychiatric diagnosis or in other traits within a pair of twins
33
What is countertransference?
Feelings that the psychoanalyst unconsciously directs to the client, stemming from his or her own emotional vulnerabilities and unresolved conflicts
34
What is the healthy immigrant effect?
immigrants have comparatively lower rates of health problems than Canadians
35
What is linkage analysis?
technique in genetic research whereby occurrence of a disorder in a family is evaluated alongside a known genetic marker
36
What is REBT?
focuses on removing irrational dysfunctional thoughts that cause emotional distress and replacing these irrational thoughts with rational thoughts
37
What is the most common diagnosed eating disorder?
EDNOS (eating disorder not otherwise specified)
38
What is night eating disroder?
tendency to wake up at night and eat, causes personal distress
39
What is purging disorder?
form of bulimia characterized primarily by self-induced vomiting or laxative use at least once a week for a minimum of six months
40
What is the criteria for anorexia nervose?
restriction of food intake resulting in low body weight, intense fear of weight gain not gotten rid of by losing weight, body dysmorphia
41
What is amenorrhea?
loss of menstrual period
42
What is overevaluation of appearence?
tendency to link thinness with positive self-esteem and positive self-evaluations
43
Men and women at risk for ED are also prone to?
depression, panic disroder, and social anxiety
44
Women wwith ED are more at risk to?
mania, agoraphobia, substance dependence
45
What disorder has the highest mortality rate?
anorexia nervosa
45
What is the criteria for binge eating disorder?
eating excess food in a set amount of time lacking control, followed by compensatory beahviour to stop weight gain
46
Is there evidence that genetics play a role in ED's?
yes, specific factors havent been identified
47
Low levels of what neurotransmitters have been found in EDs?
serotonin and endogenous opiods
48
Prevalence of eating disorders is higher in what type of countries?
industrialized ones
49
What is Bruch's theory (eating disorders)
the parents of children who get EDs impose their wishes on their children
50
Cognitive-behavioural theories of ED say?
that fear of being fat and body-image distortion make weight loss a powerful reinforcer
51
Cognitive-behavioural treatment for bulimia focuses on?
uestioning society's standards for physical attractiveness, challenging beliefs that encourage severe food restriction, and developing normal eating patterns
52
What is the main biological treatment of ED?
antidepressants (not extensive data showing effectiveness)
53
What is diagnostic crossover?
tendency for people to shfit their symptoms so new disorder applies and the old one doesnt
54
What is fat talk?
tendency for friends, particularly female friends, to take turns criticizing and critiquing their bodies to each other
55
What part of the brain if lesioned leads to loss of appetite?
lateral hypothalamus
56
What is the scarlett o'hara effect?
tendency to eat lightly in an attempt to project an image of femininity
57
Estimates suggest that how many children have a diagnosable disorder? Is it accurate?
1 in 6 maybe underestimated cause young ppl hide distress and have lot of distress w/o meeting criteria
58
How are disroders among children differentiated?
undercontrolled behaviour or overcontrolled behaviours
59
What is overcontrolled beahviours?
constrained beahviours that typically reflect anxiety/depression
60
What is undercontrolled behaviours?
inability to restrain maladaptive tendencies
61
Is ADHD an example of under or overcontrolled behaviour?
undercontrolled
62
What is ADHD characterized by?
persistant pattern of inattention/impulsivity greater than peers their age
63
What is conduct disorder typically a precursor to?
ASPD
64
What is ASPD characterized by?
lack of empathy/remorse, aggression, lying, violating social norms
65
What is the etiology of ASPD?
genetic predisposition, not learning moral awareness, reinforcement of antisocial behaviour, liviing in crime ridden areas
66
Learning disorders are usually identified and treated in _____ rahter than _____?
school systems mental health clinics
67
What is considered the principal causes of mild reatrdation?
environemtal causes (malnutrition, lower class etc)
68
What are some characteristics of autism?
aloneness, failure to relate to others, communication issues, wanting things to not change
69
What does an anxious attachment look like?
child epxresses distress when left alone by caregiver
70
What is applied behaviour analysis?
study of preexisting conditons that control behaviour
71
What does an avoidant attachment look like?
infant is withdrawn and detached from caregiver
72
What does a disorganized attachment look like?
confused attachment style that emerges after being raised in a chaotic and abusive environment
73
What is echolalia?
seen in autistic children, repeating words/sounds/phrases, can be delayed and repeated weeks later
74
What is the IQ range for moderate intelectual disability?
35-55
75
What are pervasive developmental disorders?
severe childhood problems marked by profound disturbances in social relations and oddities in behaviour (ASD)
76
What is phenylketonuria?
genetic disorder causes lack of phenylalanine hydroxylase, causes severe mental retardation unless phenylalanine can be restricted from the diet
77
What is phonological disorder?
learning disability in which some words sound like baby talk because the person is not able to make certain speech sounds
78
What is pronoun reversal?
seen in autistic children, using third person for themselves and revrese
79
Axniety consists of both?
physiological arousal and cognititve worry
80
What are specific phobias?
intense, unreasonable fears that cause significant distress/impairment
81
What are the phobia subtypes?
blood, injuries, injections, situations, animals, natural environmeent, other
82
What are the three types of sitatuons in social phhobia?
interacting w/others, presentations, and being observed by others
83
What are the three ideas behavioural theorists have for phobias/social anxiety?
classical conditioning, modelling, and cognition (cognition is more implicated in SAD)
84
What is the pyschoanalytic view of phobias?
defence against repressed conflicts
85
What can trigger panic attacks in people with panic disorder?
random, fear of own physical sensations can cause them to amplify causing attack
86
What are some biological factors that lead to panic attacks?
genetics, overactive noradrenergic system, hypersensititivty to CCK
87
What are some psychological factors that lead to panic attacks?
anxiety sensittivty
88
What are some cognititve factors in anxiety?
intolerance of uncertainty and metacognitive beliefs about worry
89
What do psychoanalytic therapists focus on for anxiety disorder?
uncosncois conflict between ego and id impulses
89
What do biological appraoches to treating anxiety focus on?
enhancing GABA ex. benzodiazepene
90
What is anxiety sensitivity?
a fear of fear itself which contributes to heightened states of panic
91
What are anxiolytics?
tranquilizers
92
What is AR exposure?
treatment for phobias invoving VR
93
What is autonomic lability?
tendency for ANS to be become easily arousad
94
What is the behavioural technique flooding?
therapy where fearful person is exposed to what is scary in reality/imagiantion w/no way to escape
95
What is in vivo exposure?
exercise at home that requires person to be exposed to feared stimulus/sitautions
96
What is interoceptive exposure?
exercises used to induce the feelings of anxierty (breathing through straw)
97
What is nomophiba?
fear of losing cellphone
98
What is post event processing
after social situation ppl with social anixety will look back and overthink what they did and what they can do differnet
99
What is test irrelavnet thinking?
component of test anxiety, inability to concentrat cause of mind wandering
100
What does the underground adolescent family pattern look like?
teenagers become withdrawn and hyperindependent cause of family issues
101
What does the sociopathic adolescent family pattern look like?
child engages in sociopathic behaviour, difficult to treat because often close to parent with same behaviour
102
What does the rebellious adolescent family pattern look like?
lots of ambivalence, pressure to grow up and be independent but also feeling like wanting to stay a child
103
What does the adolescnet marked for failure family pattern look like?
child is unwanted and unloved by parents, problems with self esteem and making friends
104
What doe sthe impefect adolesent for family pattern look like?
parents expect perfecion, love is conditional, responsive to therapy,
105
What does the rescuing adolescent family pattern look like?
something goes on in family, draw attention to themselves by acting out, needs marital counseling to remove pressure from child

PSYC 3140 (3 decks)

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