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midterm 1 Flashcards

1
Q

CHRONIC DISEASE

A

long-term conditions that usually progress slowly over time.
examples:
heart disease
diabetes,
chronic kidney disease
asthma
depression

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2
Q

How would having a chronic disease affect your life? (5 dimensions of health)

A

Physical
Cognitive
Spiritual
Social
Psychological/Emotional

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3
Q

communicable vs noncommunicable

A

contagious vs noncontagious

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4
Q

3 ways chronic disease can be prevented

A

diet, exercise, lifestyle
additonally:
sunscreen
vaccines
education
checkups/screening
vitamins

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5
Q

chronic disease path

A

1: symptoms begin
2: confirmation of illness/diagnosis
3: adjustment phase (lifestyle change, medications, acceptance vs denial)
4: stabilize (disease is well controlled or slowed down)
5: unstable phase (exaserpation or return of symptoms)
6: declining (illness progresses)
7: end of life (comfort care & symptom management)

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6
Q

Terminal Illness

A

occurring at or causing the end of life
a terminal disease
may cause death at later date

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7
Q

how does cancer start

A

starts in cells
cells growth is uncontrolled with no physiological purpose (may be faster or continuous)
cells become less differentiated
tumour formation (abnormal mass of tissue)

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8
Q

Differentiation

A

describes how much or how little tumor tissue looks like normal tissue it came from
Well differentiated cancer cells: look normal and grow and spread more

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9
Q

benign tumours vs malignant tumours

A

benign:
noncancerous
slow growing
don’t spread to other areas
not usually terminal illnesses
malignant:
cancerous
grow rapidly
may invade other tissues (metastasis)
may be cancer in situ (remains in place, doesnt travel)

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10
Q

Metastasis and common sites

A

spread of cancer to other body parts
common sites of metastasis (“mets”):
liver
lungs
brain
bones
lymph nodes

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11
Q

how does cancer spread

A

Vascular/ hematogenous (through blood)
Lymphatic (through lympthatic system)
Transcoelomic diffusion (through body cavities)
direct extension into adjacent tissues

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12
Q

what is cancer

A

a group of diseases
when the body doesnt perform mitosis properly

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13
Q

Carcinogen

A

something that has the potential to cause cancer
examples:
smoking
sun exposure
hormones
viruses
chemicals
diet
radiation
pollution

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14
Q

Most common cancers in canada

A

women: breast
men: prostate
children: leukemia

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15
Q

warning signs of cancer

A

cachexia (weight loss)
skin changes (discolourations, irregular moles)
swelling or lumps
pain
Fatigue

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16
Q

Goals of Treatment of Cancer

A

cure – remove
control – stop/limit growth and spread
rehabilitation – restore/return to previous function
palliation – symptom relief

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17
Q

Major Cancer Treatments

A

surgery
radiation (high energy ray)
chemotherapy and other anti cancer drugs
stem cell transplants (bone marrow or cord blood)

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18
Q

Side Effects of Radiation & Chemotherapy

A

Fatigue
Skin Breakdown (don’t wash markings)
Increased risk bruising/bleeding
hair loss
anorexia
nausea and vomiting
taste changes
mouth/throat swelling or soreness
Emotional
Increased risk of infections

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19
Q

Changes with Aging in reproductive system

A

decrease in sex hormones (estrogen, progesterone, testosterone)
longer for sexual arousal and orgasm to occur
orgasm less intense
quicker return to pre-excitement state
psychological and social factors

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20
Q

Changes in female reproductive system with Aging

A

menopause; may have “hot flashes”
atrophy of uterus, vagina, genitalia
thinning vaginal walls and vaginal dryness may cause dyspareunia (difficult/painful intercourse)

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21
Q

Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)

A

primarily transmitted sexually, may be transmitted via blood/body fluids
condoms prevent spread by sexual contact
treated with antibiotics or other medications

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22
Q

how to observe for STIs?

A

sores
swelling
colour change
any drainage
odour
pain
itchiness
burning

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23
Q

3 stages of Syphilis

A

additional latent period
primary syphilis:
10 – 90 days after exposure
painless sore on genitals or body
secondary syphilis:
2 mos. later
lasts up to 1 year
skin rash/spots on palms and soles
patchy hair loss
swollen lymph nodes
tertiary syphilis:
3-15 yrs after infection
degenerative lesions to cardiovascular system, CNS, organs, bones, joints
personality changes
dementia
difficulty with mobility

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24
Q

Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia or Hypertrophy (BPH) and treatment

A

enlarged prostate
causes not understood
difficulties with urination (dribbling)
urniary and kidney infections
Care/treatment:
Low fat diet may be helpful
prevent UTIs
medications
non-surgical or surgical removal of prostate tissue

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25
Erectile Dysfunction (ED) and causes
impotence inability to attain or maintain erection causes: psychological e.g. stress physical, e.g. disease affecting vascular or nervous system side effect of some meds
26
treatment for ED
stress reduction decrease alcohol consumption stop smoking proper diet medications e.g. Viagra mechanical devises to aid erection surgical interventions
27
Functions of the Liver
Metabolizing fats, proteins, and carbohydrates Detoxifying substances from blood Storing fat-soluble vitamins Producing bile, cholesterol, and bilirubin
28
what is Hepatitis? what causes it?
inflammation of the liver caused by viruses hepatitis A to G toxins alcohol drugs chemicals infections metabolic disorders
29
Hepatitis – Possible S&S
abd pain nausea & vomitting jaundice tea-coloured urine clay-coloured stools diarrhea itchy skin joint & muscle pain CNS (drowsy)
30
Viral Hepatitis
primarily A, B, C Acute infection that can become chronic may require liver transplant
31
Cirrhosis of the Liver, causes and s/s
liver tissue replaced by scar tissue common causes: chronic hepatitis etho alochol S&S: weight loss jaundice (yellowing skin) hepatomegaly (enlarged liver) fatigue ascites (abnormal build up of fluid in abdomen)
32
Hepatitis A transmission and prevention
transmitted by: contaminated food/drink fecal-oral transmission prevention by: standard precautions Food Safe vaccination
33
how is Hepatitis B & C transmitted
via blood and body fluids examples: intercourse during childbirth needle stick injuries blood transfusion prior to 1990 (hep C)
34
what diet would a person with hepatitis be on?
no alcohol high protein low fat low sodium
35
prevention and diagnosis for Hepatitis B & C
standard precautions immunizations for help B dont share needles condoms diagnosis: blood test
36
Caring for a Person with Hepatitis
based on symptoms... diet activity avoid substance misuse skin hydration pain relief care for bowel incontinence emotional support
37
Neurodevelopmental disability
condition, illness, or accident which injures the brain or body occurs before birth, at birth, or early in life
38
fragile X syndrome
Genetic disorder impacting learning and behaviour most common inherited cause of mental impairment males more severely affected 25% with fragile X will have seizures 15-33% will have autistic behaviors
39
why is skincare important for hepatitis?
dry itchy skin means risk for breakage
40
PKU
phenylketonuria inherited inability to metabolize phenylalanine genetic metabolic disorder leading to intellectual and neurological disorders treated with life long diet certain foods are restricted all babies are tested within 24hr of birth
41
Down syndrome
congenital disorder when a person has an extra partial or full copy of chromosome 21 estimated 45,000 Canadians often have physical problems as well early onset dementia more likely
42
cerebral palsy
lack of oxygen around the time of birth is usual cause varying physical and cognitive effects may have uncontrolled movements or poor muscle tone
43
What is Multiple Sclerosis (MS)
unpredictable disabling disease of the cns (brain and spinal cord) attacks the myelin (protective covering of nerves in cns) affects 90,000 canadians
44
How is MS Diagnosed
history neurological exam MRI
45
What causes MS?
environmental and possibly genetic risk factors
46
Who gets MS?
15 to 40 more common in women commonly in people of northern European background countries further away from equator
47
relapsing-remitting MS
marked by "on and off" periods relapse last at least 24 hours, symptoms get worse followed by a remission, symptoms partly or completely go away
48
secondary progressive ms
after relapsing-remitting phase disability gradually becomes worse no longer have relapses
49
MS s/s
fatigue numbness tingling loss of balance stiffness tremor
50
care for someone with ms
be patient emotional support understand changing function/mobility manage symptoms
51
hypoglycemia s/s
hunger sweating pallor (pale) irritability sleepiness lack of coordination
52
hyperglycemia s/s
dry mouth increased thrist weakness headache blurred vision frequent urination
53
hyperglycemia vs hypoglycemia
high or low amount of sugars/glucose in bloodstream
54
DKA
diabetic ketoacidos when body doesn't have enough insulin to allow blood sugar into cells for energy hyperglycemia bc no insulin liver breaks down fat in body creating ketones (highly toxic)
55
DKA s/s
Fruity-smelling breath Fast, deep breathing Dry mouth Nausea and vomiting Flushed face Muscle stiffness or aches
56
CVA
Cerebral vascular accident or stroke Sudden loss of brain function due to interruption of blood flow to the brain
57
3 main types of CVA
ischemic: blood clot or obstruction blocks blood most common hemorrhagic: blood vessel ruptures TIA: mini-stroke temporary interruption of blood flow, no perm damage warning sign of future stroke
58
Risk Factors for stroke
over 65 men lifestyle choices HTN high cholesterol diabetes
59
s/s of stroke
FAST: facial drooping arm weakness slurred speech time to call 911 extra: headache dizziness
60
Effects of a stroke
hemiplegia aphasia dysphagia weakness emotional lability vision loss
61
Aphasia
partial or complete loss of speech and language skills
62
TREATMENT AND REHABILITATION AFTER A STROKE
start rehab asap maintain body functions help to return to prev lvl of function avoid deconditioning
63
s/s of CHF
weakness Shortness of breath Weight gain (3 pounds in 2 days or 5 pounds in a week) edema in peripherals Changes in the frequency of urination
64
Advanced CHF
brain damage kidney damage
65
care for client with CHF
daily weighing follow fluid restrictions low sodium semi fowlers rest periods
66
what happens when your kidneys fail?
toxins aren't filtered out of blood s/s: fatigue itchy, dry skin nausea metallic taste edema frequent urination

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