midterm 1 Flashcards
(97 cards)
1
Q
What is psychology?
A
Study of the mind and behavior
2
Q
Define behavior in psychological terms.
A
Response to an environment, reaction to an action
3
Q
What are the fundamental components of an experience?
A
Sensations
The five senses are touch, sight, taste, hearing, and smell.
4
Q
What is perception?
A
Processes used to arrive at a meaningful interpretation of sensations
5
Q
List the sensory processes involved in perception.
A
- Reception
- Transformation
- Transduction
- Coding
6
Q
What does reception refer to in sensory processes?
A
Environmental stimulus, e.g., a tree
7
Q
What happens during transformation in sensory processes?
A
Light is reflected off the tree and enters the eye
8
Q
What is transduction?
A
Change of stimulus energy into an electrochemical neuronal change
9
Q
What does coding refer to in sensory processing?
A
Correspondence between stimulus features and neuronal activity
10
Q
Which lobe of the brain processes taste?
A
Insula Lobe
11
Q
What are the steps in a behavioral response?
A
- Perception
- Recognition
- Action (behavior)
12
Q
What is the significance of Phineas Gage’s case?
A
He had a railroad bar go through his frontal lobe and lived, showing a huge change in personality
13
Q
What changes were observed in Phineas Gage after his accident?
A
Became irreverent and grossly profane
14
Q
Which part of the brain is associated with personality?
A
Frontal lobe
15
Q
A
16
Q
A
17
Q
What is the mind-brain/body problem?
A
The challenge of explaining the relationship between the mind and the brain or body.
18
Q
What does dualism refer to in the context of the mind and body?
A
The belief that the mind and body are separate and independent.
19
Q
What is parallelism in dualism?
A
The view that the mind and body do not interact with each other and are completely independent.
20
Q
What is interactionism?
A
The belief that the mind and body interact with each other.
21
Q
Who is a prominent philosopher associated with dualism?
A
Rene Descartes.
22
Q
What did Rene Descartes believe about the pineal gland?
A
He believed it was a significant portion of the body related to the mind.
23
Q
What is monism?
A
The view that the mind and brain are one and the same.
24
Q
What does materialism assert?
A
That everything is material/physical and denies the existence of mental events.
25
What is mentalism?
The belief that nothing is material, only the existence of the mind.
26
What does the emergent property position propose?
That the mind emerges from brain activity, bridging monism and dualism.
27
What is the identity position?
The view that mind and brain activity are one and the same.
28
What belief did ancient Egyptians hold regarding body parts?
They kept the stomach, lungs, and intestines.
29
According to the cardiac hypothesis, where does behavior originate?
In the heart, considered the most vital organ by Aristotle.
30
What is the brain hypothesis?
The belief that behavior is controlled by the brain.
31
How did Galen and Descartes believe the brain controlled behavior?
By interacting with or moving the fluid in the ventricles.
32
Who discovered the need for electrical stimulation for muscle movement?
Galvani.
33
What are electrical impulses better known as today?
Action potential.
34
What does it mean that behavior is undivided?
It is the sum of parts.
35
What is the cerebellum also known as?
The little brain.
36
What percentage of all neurons does the cerebellum contain?
50%.
37
What hypothesis did Camillo Golgi propose about the nervous system?
That it is a continuous mass of tissue (neural net hypothesis).
38
What hypothesis did Cajal make regarding neurons?
That neurons are individual cells.
39
What are the two main types of cells within the brain?
* Neurons
* Glia (non-neuronal cells)
40
What encases the neuron?
Two layers of phospholipids.
41
What is the function of an afferent axon?
Brings information from outside into the spinal cord
42
What is the function of an efferent axon?
Exits the central nervous system to muscles
43
What are the components of axon terminals?
* Lots of mitochondria
* Synapses
* Synaptic vesicles
* Neurotransmitters
44
What two types of neurons make up a synapse?
Presynaptic neuron and postsynaptic neuron
45
What are the four main components of a neuron?
* Dendrites
* Axon
* Soma
* Axon terminals
46
What is the direction of anterograde transport?
From soma to terminal button
47
What is the direction of retrograde transport?
From terminal button to soma
48
What are the three types of neurons?
* Sensory
* Interneuron
* Motor
49
What characterizes an anaxonic neuron?
* Likely an interneuron
* Cannot determine axons from dendrites
* Function unknown
50
What is a multipolar neuron?
Has multiple dendrites and a single axon
51
What defines a bipolar neuron?
Has one dendrite and one axon
52
Where are bipolar neurons found?
Only in the eye, ear, and nose
53
What is a unipolar (pseudounipolar) neuron?
Has a single process coming off the soma, giving rise to dendrites and axon
54
What do sensory (afferent) neurons do?
Bring information from outside into the CNS
55
What is the most common type of sensory neuron?
Unipolar, with a few being bipolar
56
What do motor (efferent) neurons do?
Take information from the brain/spinal cord to muscles
57
What type of neuron are all motor neurons?
Multipolar
58
What are association (interneurons)?
Transmit information between neurons within the CNS
59
What do sensory neurons have receptors for?
* Pressure
* Pain
* Light
* Sound waves
* Chemicals
60
Where are sensory receptors located?
On dendrites
61
Where is visual information coded in the brain?
Occipital lobe
62
Where is auditory information coded in the brain?
Temporal lobe
63
What happens if sensory neurons degenerate?
Delay in receiving information, or none at all
64
What is neuroglia?
The other cellular component of the nervous system
65
What are the types of glia?
* Astrocytes
* Radial glia
* Microglia
66
What do microglia do?
Get rid of any cellular debris
67
What is the purpose of an axon?
Moving information
68
What is the difference between oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells?
Oligodendrocytes are found in the CNS, Schwann cells are found in the PNS
69
What is the resting membrane potential?
-65 to -70 mV
## Footnote
The resting membrane potential is the voltage difference across the neuronal membrane when the neuron is not actively transmitting signals.
70
What causes the resting membrane potential to be negative?
Unequal distribution of ions
## Footnote
The presence of more sodium ions outside the cell and phosphate groups inside contributes to the negative resting potential.
71
What is the role of ion channels in neuronal communication?
Facilitate the movement of ions across the membrane
## Footnote
Ion channels are selective and can be gated, allowing ions to pass through when open.
72
Define cation and provide examples.
A positively charged ion; examples include sodium, calcium, potassium
## Footnote
Cations are attracted to negatively charged areas within the neuron.
73
Define anion and provide an example.
A negatively charged ion; example: Cl-
## Footnote
Anions are involved in maintaining the electrical balance inside the neuron.
74
What forces push ions across an open ion channel?
Diffusion and electrostatic forces
## Footnote
Diffusion refers to movement from high to low concentration, while electrostatic forces involve attraction or repulsion between charged particles.
75
What is depolarization?
Making the inside of the cell less negative
## Footnote
Depolarization is a key process in the initiation of action potentials.
76
What is hyperpolarization?
Making the inside of the cell more negative
## Footnote
Hyperpolarization can occur after an action potential, making the neuron less likely to fire.
77
What is repolarization?
Bringing the cell back to resting membrane potential
## Footnote
Repolarization occurs after depolarization during an action potential.
78
What is the threshold of excitation?
The minimum stimulus required to trigger an action potential
## Footnote
Neurons must reach this threshold to initiate an action potential.
79
What occurs when the cell membrane threshold is met?
Voltage-gated Na+ channels open, and Na+ enters the cell
## Footnote
This influx of sodium ions is crucial for the depolarization phase of the action potential.
80
What happens after Na+ channels close during an action potential?
Voltage-gated K+ channels open, K+ leaves the cell
## Footnote
This efflux of potassium ions helps to repolarize the cell after depolarization.
81
How is information encoded by the nervous system?
Changes in pattern and frequency of action potentials
## Footnote
Different patterns and frequencies correspond to different types of information being transmitted.
82
What is the effect of myelin on action potential propagation?
Speeds up the propagation of the action potential
## Footnote
Myelin acts as an insulator, allowing for faster transmission along the axon.
83
Fill in the blank: The _______ is where the action potential begins.
Axon Hillock
## Footnote
The axon hillock integrates incoming signals and determines if the action potential will occur.
84
True or False: Action potentials lose strength as they propagate down the axon.
False
## Footnote
Action potentials maintain their strength throughout the length of the axon.
85
What is the function of myelin in neurons?
Speeds up the propagation of the action potential.
## Footnote
Myelin does not have protein channels.
86
What is saltatory conduction?
Action potential leaps from node to node of Ranvier.
## Footnote
Between nodes, there are no Na+ channels.
87
Is an axon without myelin the same as an axon that has lost myelin?
No.
## Footnote
An axon without myelin does not function like an axon that has lost myelin, which requires myelin for proper action potential propagation.
88
What happens to an axon that has lost myelin?
It can no longer propagate an action potential.
## Footnote
The loss of myelin removes insulation and leads to free space without ion channels.
89
What is Multiple Sclerosis?
A circumstance in which axons lose myelin insulation.
## Footnote
It results in slowing or stopping action potentials, poor motor coordination, and cognitive disabilities.
90
What are the key properties to understand in synaptic communication?
Properties of a synapse and chemical events that occur there.
## Footnote
This includes synthesis, packaging, release, receptor action, and inactivation.
91
Where are classical neurotransmitters synthesized?
In the terminal button.
## Footnote
Peptide neurotransmitters are synthesized in the soma.
92
What is involved in the packaging of classical neurotransmitters?
They are packaged in synaptic vesicles made in the soma.
## Footnote
The Golgi apparatus is responsible for packaging.
93
What initiates the release of neurotransmitters?
Action potential opens voltage-gated Ca²⁺ channels.
## Footnote
Calcium enters and facilitates the process known as exocytosis.
94
Define exocytosis in the context of synaptic communication.
The process of shooting neurotransmitters out.
## Footnote
It occurs when calcium enters the axon terminal and facilitates docking proteins.
95
What is the synaptic cleft?
The gap between neurons.
## Footnote
It is also referred to as the synaptic gap.
96
What occurs during receptor activation?
Neurotransmitter binds to the receptor like a key into a lock.
## Footnote
This binding is crucial for triggering subsequent cellular responses.
97
True or False: Voltage-gated ion channels require an action potential to open.
True.
