Midterm 1 Flashcards

Question

Low birth weight

Answer 1

Below 5.8 - at greater risk for complications, higher risk of remaining small in childhood and learning/ behavioral difficulties Often with multiple pregnancies

Answer 2

16-18 hours per day while being awake for 1 hour and sleep for 3 hours, alternates from being still and breathing regularly (non-rem) to moving gently and breathing irregularly (REM) babies spend 50% of time in REM state as opposed to adults 20% By 1 month baby only needs 15 hours, by 4 months 14 hours a day By 6 or 7 months many babies are able to sleep through night Babies who sleep better at night tend to be exposed to more afternoon daylight

Answer 3

risks involve babies sleeping on stomach, smoking in home or by mother during pregnancy, higher for male babies than females, higher for low income families and indigenous populations

Answer 4

First 22 pairs chromosomes - autosomes, each same size 23rd pair determines sex - X much larger than Y Egg always contains x, sperm contains x or y XX = girl, XY = boy Each chromosome consists of one DNA molecule

Answer 5

Each group of nucleotide bases that provides a specific set of biochemical instructions

Answer 6

range of phenotypes that the same genotype may produce in reaction to environment of development

Answer 7

some genes are turned off - experience changes gene expression of DNA (chemical silencer is methyl molecule)

Answer 8

events set in motion due to pregnancy make it harder for a teenage girl to provide positive environment for child's development, having to drop out of school, less time spent with baby

Answer 9

some teenage girls are more likely than others to become pregnant ans the same factors that cause girls to become pregnant my cause them to put their children at risk

Answer 10

Autonomic: new born’s ability to control body functions such as breathing and temp regulation Motor - newborn’s ability to control body movements and activity level State - newborn’s ability to maintain state (staying alert or asleep) Social - ability to interact with people Believes every baby is very competent and capable, provides environment to bring out best in baby Also used as dependent variable for studies of teratogens

Answer 11

cephalocaudal “head to tail” and proximodistal “close in to farther out

Answer 12

key player in puberty causing physical changes Releases growth hormone, regulates changes by signalling other glands to secrete hormones Generally puberty occurs earlier in adolescents who are healthy and well nourished than those who are not Chronic stress and depression in girls can bring on puberty early Psychological challenges come with puberty relating to self-esteem

Answer 13

Puberty is biological start of adolescence Girls typically begin growth spurt 2 years before boys Typically girls start by 11, reach peak growth by 12, and full maturation by 15 Boys start at 13, peak growth at 14, and mature stature at 17. Bones become longer, body fat increases, more rapidly in girls than boys, heart and lung capacities increase more in boys than girls Primary sex characteristics undergo changes which includes organs directly involved in reproduction Secondary sex characteristics also undergo changes like development of breasts and widening of pelvis, body hair in both girls and boys

Answer 14

18% of adults in canada qualify as obese Higher numbers among indigenous populations Heredity - obesity runs in families Parents - if parents force child to finish plate always or use food as form of comfort Sedentary lifestyle - more prone to obesity of they are physically inactive Too little sleep Most effective weight loss programs focus in changing children’s eating habits and encouraging them to become more active

Answer 15

From age one on children are more likely to die from accidents that from any other single cause Motor vehicle accidents are most common CPS - poverty and issues related to substandard housing and difficulty accessing healthcare increased risks and likelihood of negative outcomes of childhood injury Motor vehicle accidents remain leading cause of death in adolescence 1 third of car accident deaths in canada for 16-19 yr olds were alcohol related

Answer 16

At roughly three weeks past conception a group of cells form flat structure known as the neural plate - at four weeks this plate folds to form a tube that becomes brain and spinal cord When ends of tube fuse shut, neurons are produced in one small region of the neural tube Production begin about 10 weeks after conception and by week 28 brain has almost all neurons it will ever have From neural tube where they are created neurons migrate to final positions in brain

Answer 17

Brain is built in stages, beginning with innermost layers, neurons in deepest layers are placed first. This layering processing continues until all six layers of mature brain In fourth month of development axons begin to acquire myelin - fatty wrap that speeds up neural transmission This process continues through to adolescence, more myelin more rapid and coordinated the reactions - effect of more myelin can be seen in improved reaction times and coordination In months after birth brain grows rapidly, axons and dendrites grow longer, dendrites quickly sprout new limbs As number of dendrites increases so does number of synapses, reaching peak number at first birthday soon after synapses begin to disappear gradually in a phenomenon known as synaptic pruning - brain goes through downsizing weeding out unnecessary connections between neurons Synapses that are active will remain and inactive synapses are eliminated

Answer 18

Specialization occurs early in development - areas of brain are ready to do what they are meant to do Specialization takes two specific forms - regions active during cognitive processing becomes more focused and less diffuse The kind of stimuli that trigger brain activity shift from being general to being specific Different brain areas specialize at different rates Successful specialization requires stimulation from the environment - environmental input influences experience expectant growth

Answer 19

denotes changes in the brain that are not linked to specific points in development and that vary across individuals and across cultures

Answer 20

Kinetic cues - in which motion is used to estimate depth Visual expansion - as an object moves closer, it fills an ever greater proportion of the retina Motion parallax - nearby moving objects move across our visual field faster than those at a distance

Answer 21

- associated with grasping, holding, and manipulating objects Reaching and grasping: by 4 months can reach clumsily 4 month olds use their fingers only to grasp objects By 7 or 8 months infants use their thumbs to help hold things By 6 months baby can pick up food and get it into mouth By age 1 baby can learn to eat with spoon Handedness: some believe a gene biases children toward right-handedness Experience also contributes to handedness

Answer 22

Executive network - executive functioning like tasks Orienting network - directing attention to a specific stimulus or location in the environment Alerting network - achieving and maintaining a state of alertness

Answer 23

Nutrition - breastfeeding is superior to formula Need both macronutrients (carbs, fats, and proteins) And micronutrients (essential vitamins and minerals Solid food at 6 months Over consumption of high fat sugary foods, genetics, lack of activity, sleep, and access to healthy foods cause obesity Eating as a family is linked to healthier eating habits Teenagers need fairly high amount of calories because of growth ans metabolism Girls: 13-15 - 2200, 16-19 - 2100 Boys: 13-15 - 2800, 16-18 - 3200

Answer 24

as result of evolution brains of infants expect to encounter experiences like seeing and touching objects, hearing sounds and moving about environment When they receive this type of stimulation their brains develop normally

Answer 25

two or more stimuli including patterns and faces, if infant spends more time looking at one over another it is assumed they prefer that one Newborns show a distinct preference for faces that are in an upright petition over faces inverted

Answer 26

present stimulus 1, BP and heart rate increase, response declines when familiar with stimulus If shown stimulus 2 and reaction occurs again, suggests infant can differentiate between s1 and s2 Babies tend to respond more strongly to something new - when stimulus changes and reaction occurs to it dishabituation has happened

Answer 27

Newborns respond to light and track moving objects with eyes, but perceive few colours - concentrate on edges 3mo concentrate on interior of face - can see eyes nose mouth and are better with colour Perception of faces shaped by perceptual narrowing 6 mo recognize other race and other species faces just as well as same race faces 9mo have superior recognition for same race faces

Answer 28

Visual expansion: image of an object increases as the object comes towards us Binocular disparity: cues about distance based on the differing views of two eyes b y 4 months Pictorial cues: cues about distance that can be perceived by one eye alone by 6 or 7 months

Answer 29

occurs when a visual information influences the way we hear something - ba misheard as va when lips appear to be saying va

Answer 30

involve large muscles of the body and make self locomotion (crawling, walking, moving through environment alone) possible - 8 months of age

Midterm 1 Flashcards

(54 cards)