Midterm 1?

Question 1

Hadeon Eon

Answer 1

4.55 to 3.8 bya

Question 2

Archaeon Eon

Answer 2

3.8 to 2.5 bya

Question 3

Archaeon Eon

Answer 3

Earliest forms of unicellular life.

Question 4

Proterozoic Eon

Answer 4

2.5 bya to 500 mya

Question 5

Phanerozoic Eon

Answer 5

500 mya to present

Question 6

Fossils of oldest trackways

Answer 6

480 mya

Question 7

Oldest land plant fossil

Answer 7

475 mya

Question 8

Oldest land vertebrates

Answer 8

360 mya

Question 9

Dinosaurs (roar)

Answer 9

230 mya

Question 10

Common mammalian ancestors

Answer 10

180 mya

Question 11

Birds

Answer 11

150 mya

Question 12

Ediacaran fauna

Answer 12

575 mya

Question 13

Ediacaran fauna

Answer 13

Small animals with simple morphology.
Sponges, jellies.

Question 14

Cambrian

Answer 14

~550 mya

Question 15

Synapomorphy

Answer 15

Shared, derived trait.
Trait present in more than one in group

Question 16

Symplesiomorphy

Answer 16

Shared, ancestral trait.
Trait present in in-group and out-group.

Question 17

Autapomorphy

Answer 17

Derived trait found only in one taxa

Question 18

Homoplasy

Answer 18

State that are present in more than one taxon BUT arose independently.
Same as convergent evolution.
Wings of birds and bats

Question 19

Homology

Answer 19

Character state that is present in more than one taxon and arose from a common ancestor.

Question 20

Parsimony

Answer 20

The best option is always the simplest one

Question 21

Monophyletic taxa

Answer 21

Contain all descendents of a common ancestor and no other.

Question 22

Paraphyletic taxa

Answer 22

Contain some but not all descendants of a common ancestor. Missing some descendants

Question 23

Polyphyletic taxa

Answer 23

Taxa that do not share a most recent common ancestor

Question 24

Systematics

Answer 24

Scientific study of all kinds and diversity of organisms and all relationships among them

Question 25

Taxonomy

Answer 25

Science of describing, naming, and classifying species of living and fossilized organisms.

Question 26

Phylogenetics

Answer 26

Study of evolutionary relationships among organisms

Question 27

Types

Answer 27

Designated example specimen(s) representing a species. Used to determine if an unknown organism belongs to that species.

Question 28

Holotype

Answer 28

A single designated specimen used as a “type”. The “name bearer” reference point. Common for fossils

Question 29

Paratype

Answer 29

Collection of specimens used as a “type” for a species. Museum collections (all them bugs)

Question 30

Genotype

Answer 30

Genetic makeup of an organism

Question 31

Phenotype

Answer 31

Physical manifestation of genetic makeup

Question 32

Law of dominance

Answer 32

Dominant allele is expressed in heterozygote

Question 33

Law of segregation

Answer 33

All alleles are equally represented in gametes. One allele to one gamete, the other to the other

Question 34

Law of independent assortment

Answer 34

Genes on different chromosomes assort independently. Where one goes has no affect on where the other goes

Question 35

Polyphenisms

Answer 35

More than one discrete trait can arise from a single genotype at a single locus. Due to influence of environment.

Question 36

Polygenic inheritance

Answer 36

A single trait controlled by multiple genes. Multiple genes all contributing to the same trait.

Question 37

Phenotypic plasticity

Answer 37

The same genotype can manifest as different phenotypes depending on the environment and can change in a life time.

Question 38

Continuous variation

Answer 38

Phenotypic variation exists on a spectrum. Ex. Human height. Caused by polygenic inheritance.

Question 39

Proteins

Answer 39

Machines of the cell and where variation allows selection.

Question 40

Genes

Answer 40

A sequence of DNA that encodes a trait that can be selected for

Question 41

Soma

Answer 41

Body cells

Question 42

Germ cells

Answer 42

Sperm / egg

Question 43

Redundancy

Answer 43

More than one codon encoding the same amino acid. Ex. AGU and AGC both code for Serine. Allows mutational tolerance. Most of redundancy is at the 3rd position of the codon.

Question 44

Genome

Answer 44

All an organisms DNA

Question 45

Psuedogenes

Answer 45

Genes that have mutated such that they no longer contain a promoter.

Question 46

Point of meiosis

Answer 46

Generate genetic variation Generate haploid gametes

Question 47

Crossing over

Answer 47

Physical exchange of DNA between pairs of chromosomes

Question 48

Random fertilization

Answer 48

All sperm are different (and eggs) Sperm that fertilizes isn’t necessarily the strongest.

Question 49

Transition

Answer 49

Point mutation where purine substitutes with a purine or pyrimidine with pyrimidine. (A/G —> A/G) or (C/T —> C/T)

Question 50

Transversions

Answer 50

Point mutation where a pyrimidine substitutes with a purine or vice versa (A/G —> C/T) or (C/T—> A/G)

Question 51

Synonymous

Answer 51

Point mutation that has no effect on the amino acid sequence of a protein. AKA silent mutation. Mutation tolerance due to redundancy in genetic code

Question 52

Non-synonymous

Answer 52

Point mutation where there’s a change in the amino acid sequence. Can be missense or nonsense.

Question 53

Missense mutation

Answer 53

Encode the wrong amino acid. May affect the structure and function of a protein

Question 54

Nonsense mutation

Answer 54

Creates a premature stop codon and a truncated protein. Will affect the structure, may affect the function of a protein.

Question 55

Aneuploidy

Answer 55

Unbalanced number of chromosomes in a set. Ex. 2n+1.

Question 56

Polyploidy

Answer 56

Duplication of entire genome. Multiples of n

Question 57

Autopolyploid

Answer 57

Genome duplication within the same species

Question 58

Allopolyploid

Answer 58

Genome duplication due to hybridization between 2 species.