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PSYC 301 > Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Flashcards

(59 cards)

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1
Q

What are the two main divisions of the Nervous System

A

Central NS and Peripheral NS

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2
Q

What is the purpose of the Somatic NS

A

Interact with external environment through sensory neurons to send information afferently from muscles/skin to CNS

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2
Q

What divisions does the PNS have

A

Somatic NS and Autonomic NS

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2
Q

What nerves do the Somatic NS use

A

Afferent Nerves

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2
Q

Function of the Autonomic NS

A

Regulating the internal environment of the body. Afferent nerves carry signals from the organs to CNS. Efferent nerves also carry signals back to organs to regulate.

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2
Q

What are the divisions of the Autonomic NS

A

Sympathetic Nerves and Parasympathetic Nerves

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3
Q

Function of Sympathetic Nerves

A

Mobilize energy in threatening situations

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4
Q

Function of Parasympathetic nerves

A

Conserve energy/ rest and digest. constrict lung passages, slow heart rate etc.

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5
Q

What is the Autonomic Tone

A

The individualized dial that controls the balance between sympathetic and parasympathetic response

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6
Q

What does the CNS consist of

A

The Spinal Cord and the brain

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7
Q

What is the inner core of the spinal cord made of

A

(H shaped), made of cell bodies and unmyelinated axons

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8
Q

What is the outer cylinder in the spinal cord made of

A

Myelinated Axons

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9
Q

Explain rostral and Caudal

A

Rostral is both up the spinal cord and front toward the nose.
Caudal is down the spinal cord and toward the back of the head

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10
Q

Explain Dorsal and Ventral

A

Dorsal is the top of the head in the brain and the back in the spine
Ventral is down toward the jaw in the brain and front toward the belly in the spine

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11
Q

Explain Anterior and Posterior

A

Anterior= toward the face/ belly
Posterior = toward the back of head/ back

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12
Q

Explain Lateral and Medial

A

Lateral= toward the outside
Medial= toward the middle
in a coronal plane

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13
Q

The three places along which the brain can be cut?

A

Coronal, Sagittal, Horizonal

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14
Q

What are the Five divisions of the Brain

A

Telencephalon
Diencephalon
Mesencephalon
Metencephalon
Myelencephalon

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15
Q

What is the Myelencephalon consist of (aka Medulla) and where is it

A

Has A lot of myelin
Composed of tracts carrying signals between the brain and body
The 2nd bottom section of the brainstem (just above the tube)

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16
Q

What does the Metencephalon consist of and where is it

A

Consists of the Pons and the Cerebellum
Sits just above the Myelencephalon
(cerebellum is the side section)

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17
Q

What is the Pons

A

Consists of fibre tracts rooting things to different parts of the brain. Its part of the reticular formation and the metencephalon

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18
Q

What is the Cerebellum

A

Part of the Metencephalon
Highly folded part of the brain.
has 50% of all the neurons in the brain.
Very connected to the cortex
Plays a role in movement and timing

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19
Q

What does the Mesencephalon consist of and where is it

A

Composed of the Tectum and Tegmentum
in the midbrain, above the pons

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20
Q

What is the tectum

Study These Flashcards
A

the ‘roof’ of the mesencephalon
contains nuclei that receive and relay visual information (superior colliculi)
auditory information (inferior colliculi)

21
What is the tegmentum
floor of mesencephalon Contain nuclei related to motor function and pain
22
What is the Reticular Formation
'Net' of nuclei that span across the brainstem. (myel, met, mesen) Play roles in arousal, respiratory reflexes, cardiac reflexes etc.
23
What does the Diencephalon consist of and where is it
Thalamus and Hypothalamus Right in the center of the head
24
the Thalamus
2 lobed structure Contain Nuclei that process and relay information between receptors and cortex nuclei can be specific or nonspecific involved in consciousness?
25
Functions of the Hypothalamus
Involved in Hormones so sleeping, temperature, sex, hunger Also regulates body processes using the pituitary gland its the bottom part of the diencephalon
26
list the Subcortical structures of the Telencephalon
Basal Ganglia Limbic System Cerebral Cortex
27
What is the Basal Ganglia
A Collection of nuclei connected to the cortex, thalamus and midbrain involved in movement and learning
28
Divisions of the Limbic system
Hippocampus which does spatial memory and Amygdala which plays a role in emotion
29
Explain the structure of a fold in the brain
Top of bump= gyrus Bottom/fold = sulcus
30
How many layers does most of the cerebral cortex have
Six!
31
What is Lissencephaly
the Disorder that occurs if folding in the brain is interrupted due to cells not migrating normally during development drives seizures, muscle spasms, developmental delays, smaller head size and more Most don't live past 10
31
What is the Corpus Callosum
the largest tract (commissure) in the telencephalon connecting the left and right sides of the brain
32
List the four cortical lobes
Frontal, Parietal, Temporal, Occipital
32
List the fissures of the brain
Lateral Sulcus (temporal/frontal lobe) Central Sulcus (frontal/parietal lobe) Longitudinal Fissure (left/right sides)
33
List the Functions of the CSF
The Cerebrospinal Fluid 1 is buoyancy, to reduce the weight of the brain so as to not put pressure on lower structures 2 is protection, to reduce injury to brain upon head impact 3 is chemical stability, to rinse waste through the blood-brain barrier and bring in nutrients as well as maintain PH
34
List the two processes of Neurons
Axons and Dendrites
35
What properties do neurons have for electrical communication
Membrane Extracellular fluid different environment within the neuron
35
How does the Neuron regulate its internal environment
Using the fatty membrane 1. passive diffusion 2. facilitated diffusion through channels 3. active transport, requiring pumps
35
Resting membrane potential of a healthy neuron
-75mV Inside of a neuron should be negative
35
how is the resting membrane potential of a neuron maintained
Through sodium-potassium pumps
36
What do the Sodium Potassium pumps do
take 3 sodium from inside, push them out push in 2 potassium from outside (all positive charges) requires 2/3rd of brains energy
36
When is an action potential fired
When charge on the neuron membrane exceeds -55mV
36
List the stages of an action potential
Rising Phase: sodium channels open, sodium floods the cell. Potassium channels also open so potassium leaves the cell. Repolarization phase: charge hits +45mV, sodium channels close, potassium still open Hyperpolarization: Potassium channels start to close, restored cells resting potential
37
How does the action potential conduction spread down the axon
Sodium floods the cell at a particular location, these ions spread out and diffuse, making the adjacent part of the cell more positive, spreading the action potential process down the cell
37
List the two functions of Action potentials
Sensory cells fire action potentials in response to certain stimuli (heat/light etc.) Based on inputs of other cells since action potentials can trigger neurotransmitters to be released
37
The three parts of a synapse?
Presynaptic neuron Postsynaptic Neuron Space between them (synapse)
37
List the three types of neurotransmitters
Excitatory= makes neuron fire action potential Inhibitory = make neuron less likely to fire action potential Modulatory= trigger other changes in neurons
38
What are neurotransmitters
Molecules that allow neurons to communicate
39
What is an agonist drug
Drug that works by binding to a receptor and activating its effect. e.g dopamine agonist causes effects of dopamine
40
What is an antagonist drug
Binds receptors in a way that prevents its effects. e.g Narcan binds to opioid receptors and prevents opioid drugs from binding to them
41
Three ways that neurotransmitters are cleaned up
1. Diffuse away into surrounding fluid 2. Broken down by enzymes 3. reuptake using glia
42
What do Reuptake Inhibitors do
Act on the reuptake transporter to block or weaken its function So the Neurotransmitter stays in the synaptic cleft longer and exaggerates its impact in the brain
43
List 3 types of Glia
Oligodendroglia Provides myelin for unmyelinated neurons Schwann Cells Work in PNS, wrapping around axons Microglia Respond to injury or disease, and eat up debris so they don't damage cells (also trigger immune response)
44
What are astroglia/ astrocytes
The Largest glial cells Support the blood brain barrier holds the end of the neurons together, maintaining synapses
45
Explain the Blood-Brain barrier
a filter around brain capillaries that dictates what enters and affects the system - a wrapper of astrocyte cells

PSYC 301 (4 decks)

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