Midterm 1

Question 1

Reinforcers vs Punishers

Answer 1

Reinforcers increase the probability of a behavior being repeated

Punishers decrease the likelihood of behavior being repeated

Question 2

Taxonomic

Answer 2

Relates to things of a similar kind
- A child is less likely to call a potato a flower

Question 3

Why are routines important in infancy?

Answer 3

• learning opportunities
• provides them with a sense of comfort
• opportunities for joint attention with caregiver
• gives them the opportunity to hear words and phrases repeated

Question 4

Domain specific

Answer 4

each factor of language is computed in its own module of the brain

Question 5

Phonology

Answer 5

rules for how sounds are used

Question 6

Newborns prefer:

Answer 6

• human faces
• mother’s speech
• human vs non human voices
• real speech vs nonsense speech

Question 7

What is SICI and how does it help children learn words?

Answer 7

SICI makes word learning easier
- Has a SHAPE
- INDIVIDUATION (countable & easy to identify)
- CONCRETENESS (not abstract)
- IMAGEABILITY (easy to depict, touch, imagine)

Question 8

Consonant cluster reduction

Answer 8

black -> back

Question 9

Whole object assumption

Answer 9

children are more likely to map a new label onto an object than onto one of its parts

Question 10

Behaviorist theory

Answer 10

all learning is the result of operant conditioning

Question 11

Syntax

Answer 11

rules that govern word order

Question 12

Corpus callosum

Answer 12

connects 2 hemispheres of the brain allowing us to communicate

Question 13

Critical Period Hypothesis

Answer 13

Language acquisition has to occur by a specific time frame or it won’t occur at all

Question 14

Fronting

Answer 14

car -> tar

Question 15

Intentionality

Answer 15

baby attempting to communicate a clear goal in mind
- gestures with eye contact
- gestures with sound and intonation

Question 16

Protowords

Answer 16

A sequence of sounds with consistent meaning
ex. baba = bottle

Question 17

Form

Answer 17

made up of phonology, morphology, and syntax

Question 18

Social interactionist theory

Answer 18

adult interaction leads to greater participation on child’s part

Question 19

Extension problem

Answer 19

word needs to be associated with the correct category

Question 20

Is the Broca’s Area more domain specific or domain general?

Answer 20

domain general because it has other uses outside of language (speech production)

Question 21

Social pragmatic approach

Answer 21

people are innately social beings
- if you pay attention you can learn words
- eye gazing, pointing, intentionality

Question 22

Associative learning

Answer 22

learning that certain events occur together (they are associated with each other)

Question 23

Is behaviorism more domain specific or domain general?

Answer 23

domain general

Question 24

Knowledge is innate and genetically transmitted rather than learned by experience (nativist)

Answer 24

nature inspired

Question 25

Overextension: categorical

Answer 25

Usage too broad - saying "dog" when referring to a cat

Question 26

What is the first word understood?

Answer 26

child's name

Question 27

Longitudinal fissure

Answer 27

separates the two hemispheres of the brain

Question 28

Universal grammar

Answer 28

language is acquired rapidly, effortlessly, and without direct instruction

Question 29

Pragmatics

Answer 29

social aspects of language, use

Question 30

What are the first words?

Answer 30

nouns because they are more concrete and imaginable - often context bound and part of social routines

Question 31

Associated: perceptual salience

Answer 31

importance in visual environment

Question 32

Associated: frequency

Answer 32

number of times 2 things are together

Question 33

Emergentist Coalition Model

Answer 33

the view that learning strategies emerge out of children's efforts to decipher language where they draw on a coalition of perceptual, social, and linguistic cues that shift in importance with age

Question 34

Associated: temporal continuity

Answer 34

happening very close in time

Question 35

What is content?

Answer 35

the meaning of language (semantics) - vocabulary

Question 36

What is communication?

Answer 36

the process of exchanging info, ideas, and needs

Question 37

Morphology

Answer 37

rules for word derivation

Question 38

What are the aspects of caregiver responsiveness?

Answer 38

- Waiting and listening - Following the child's lead - Joining in and playing

Question 39

Stopping

Answer 39

juice -> duce

Question 40

Constructivism

Answer 40

"active learning" social interaction is important but children also need to figure things out themselves

Question 41

High amplitude sucking

Answer 41

sucking increases when new stimuli is presented, sucking decreases when they get bored (habituation)

Question 42

Broca's Area

Answer 42

Very important for speech production

Question 43

Agent

Answer 43

person or thing DOING the action

Question 44

Demonstrative

Answer 44

what is being referred to (this, those, that)