Midterm 1

Question 1

Prokaryotes

Answer 1

no nucleus

Question 2

Eukaryotes

Answer 2

contains DNA containing nucleus

Question 3

Four Major Families of Biomolecules

Answer 3

Sugar, Fatty Acids, Amino Acids, Nucleotides

Question 4

Monosaccharide

Answer 4

simple sugar (CH2O)n with n = 3, 4, 5, 6

Question 5

Disaccharides

Answer 5

two monosaccharides bonded covalently

Question 6

Oligosaccharides

Answer 6

3 to 10 monosaccharide chain

Question 7

Polysaccharides

Answer 7

greater than 10 monosaccharides (10s, 100s, more); can also be called glycans.

Question 8

Bacterial Growth Phase 1

Answer 8

Lag Phase

Question 9

Bacterial Growth Phase 2

Answer 9

Exponential Growth Phase

Question 10

Bacterial Growth Phase 3

Answer 10

Stationary Phase

Question 11

Bacterial Growth Phase 4

Answer 11

Decline Phase

Question 12

General Equation for Bacterial Growth (exponential)

Answer 12

N = Noe^(mut)

Question 13

General Equation for Bacterial Growth (doubling time)

Answer 13

N = No*(2^(t/td))

Question 14

equation for mu

Answer 14

mu = ln2/td

Question 15

Optimal pH Neutrophiles

Answer 15

6-8

Question 16

Optimal pH Acidophiles

Answer 16

<2

Question 17

Optimal pH Alkaliphiles

Answer 17

10

Question 18

Aerobic

Answer 18

Requires O2 for growth/metabolism

Question 19

Anaerobic

Answer 19

Inhibited by presence of O2

Question 20

Facultative

Answer 20

Grow in conditions with or without O2

Question 21

Heterotrophs

Answer 21

use of organic compounds such as carbs, lipids, or hydrocarbons as carbon and energy source.

Question 22

Autotrophs

Answer 22

Use CO2 as a carbon source

Question 23

Photoautotrophs

Answer 23

use CO2 as a carbon source and obtain energy from light

Question 24

Chemoautotrophs

Answer 24

use CO2 as carbon source and obtain energy from oxidation of inorganic molecules

Question 25

First Law Thermodynamics

Answer 25

conservation of energy ( in = out )

Question 26

Second Law Thermodynamics

Answer 26

universal increase of entropy

Question 27

Gibbs Free Energy

Answer 27

dG = dH - TdS

Question 28

Anabolic Pathways

Answer 28

large molecules made from smaller ones

Question 29

Catabolic Pathways

Answer 29

large and/or energy containing molecules are broken into smaller ones, releasing energy

Question 30

Activated Carriers

Answer 30

small organic molecules with energy-rich covalent bond(s) or high-energy electrons, easily transferrable

Question 31

Catalysis (protein)

Answer 31

enzymes catalyze intracellular reactions

Question 32

Transport (protein)

Answer 32

control passage of nutrients in/out of cells

Question 33

Structural (proteins)

Answer 33

connective tissues, hair, nails, feathers, horns

Question 34

Molecular Recognition (proteins)

Answer 34

antibodies/immune system

Question 35

Motion (proteins)

Answer 35

cellular transport

Question 36

Primary Structure

Answer 36

amino acid sequence

Question 37

Calculating the number of different shapes a molecule can take

Answer 37

of bond angles ^ number of bonds

Question 38

Hydrophobic effect

Answer 38

The release of water molecules from the structured solvation layer around the molecule as protein folds. Hydrophobic amino acids usually form the “core” of a protein

Question 39

Hydrogen bonds

Answer 39

Interaction of N−H and C=O of the peptide bond leads to local regular structures such as α helices and β sheets.

Question 40

van der Waals

Answer 40

Medium-range weak attraction between all atoms contributes significantly to the stability in the interior of the protein.

Question 41

Electrostatic interactions

Answer 41

- Long-range strong interactions between permanently charged groups – Salt bridges, especially those buried in the hydrophobic core, strongly stabilize the protein.

Question 42

denature

Answer 42

Unfold, but will find its most stable fold after time. the most stable fold is lowest free energy.

Question 43

chaperones

Answer 43

chaperone proteins help other unfolded proteins by trapping them until they are folded properly

Question 44

φ (phi) angle

Answer 44

angle around the α carbon—amide nitrogen bond

Question 45

ψ (psi) angle

Answer 45

angle around the α carbon—carbonyl carbon bond

Question 46

Ramachandran Plot

Answer 46

shows favorable angles

Question 47

Secondary Structure

Answer 47

a local spatial arrangement of the polypeptide backbone.

Question 48

alpha helix

Answer 48

- stabilized by hydrogen bonds between nearby residues - right handed helix

Question 49

beta sheet

Answer 49

- formed from H-Bonding of amines. - the planarity of the peptide bond and tetrahedral geometry of the α carbon can create a β strand.

Question 50

random coil

Answer 50

irregular arrangement of polypeptide chain

Question 51

strong helix breaker

Answer 51

pro, gly

Question 52

strong helix formers

Answer 52

ala, leu

Question 53

two types of beta sheets

Answer 53

parallel: -----> -----> -----> antiparallel: -----> <----- ----->

Question 54

Amyloid

Answer 54

- beta sheets stacked together into long strands - can result from protein misfolding - associated with neurodegenerative diseases