Midterm 1

Question 1

Light travels in a straight line as both a ________ and ____

Answer 1

particle/wave

Question 2

What is the visible spectrum of wavelengths? How do they differ in energy?

Answer 2

400 nm (high energy) to 700 nm (low energy)

Question 3

Opaque straw looking things that intake one particular ray of light through their opening, while at the base there is a censor that registers light and perceives the pattern

Answer 3

Tubes

Question 4

A box with a small pinhole or aperture

Answer 4

Camera Obscura

Question 5

Narrow aperture that lets only one ray of light reflecting from every point of an object and depicts the image in its entirety inverted

Answer 5

Pinhole Optics

Question 6

What is the problem with pinhole optics?

Answer 6

not enough light due to small aperture

Question 7

Why can’t we make the aperture of a pinhole bigger to allow more light?

Answer 7

The image becomes blurry

Question 8

Property of lenses where refracted rays become parallel and separate

Answer 8

Diverging Prisms

Question 9

When light travels through one material and hits another material it ______ _____ and can ______ (air -> lenses)

Answer 9

slows down/ refract or bend

Question 10

This property is used by brownsnout spookfish to focus light on reflective materials with their eyes

Answer 10

Mirrors

Question 11

Cells that transduce or convert light from electromagnetic radiation to electric and chemical signals our brain can use

Answer 11

Photoreceptors

Question 12

Creature that contains eyes as a dimple with photosensitive cells which are direction sensitive and guide the creature

Answer 12

Patella Limpit

Question 13

Creature that has holes in its eye that is akin to a pinhole which passes light through seawater to photoreceptors

Answer 13

Chambered Nautilus

Question 14

Transparent small creature that has 2 lenses one in front and one in back, front lens focuses light onto screen while back lens scans screen (its like tv eyes)

Answer 14

Copepod Copila

Question 15

Contains one lens per one photoreceptor structured like tubes, common in flies and mantis shrimp eyes

Answer 15

Compound Eye

Question 16

Creature with compound eyes that allows for tracking multiple things with each eye at the same time

Answer 16

Mantis Shrimp

Question 17

One lens but with many receptors, common in humans and spiders

Answer 17

Simple Eyes

Question 18

Creature that contains large simple eyes and highly sensitive to transparent objects due to polarity of light, helpful for hunting

Answer 18

Squid

Question 19

Human eyes contain _ lenses with _______ receptors

Answer 19

2; 260,000,000

Question 20

In the human eyes this part is found on the surface between air and the internal parts of the eyes, does most of the focusing power due to refraction

Answer 20

Cornea

Question 21

In the human eyes this part sits inside the eye in liquid and is important for fine tuning or accommodation

Answer 21

Lens

Question 22

Back of the human eye where photoreceptors are located

Answer 22

Retina

Question 22

Movement of the lens (gets fatter or thinner) to see objects clearly when it’s closer or farther away, also decreases in ability with age

Answer 22

Adaptation

Question 23

Smaller photoreceptor with only one type and are more sensitive to low light or scotopic vision

Answer 23

Rods

Question 24

Larger photoreceptor with 3 different types and are more sensitive to bright light or photopic vision

Answer 24

Cones

Question 25

What are the 3 different types of cones? ( reflective of which wavelengths they are sensitive to; not actually colored)

Answer 25

Blue, Green, and Red

Question 26

Diurnal anime or animals that tend to operate more during the day have more _____

Answer 26

Cones

Question 27

Nocturnal animals or animals that tend to operate more during the night have more ____

Answer 27

Rods

Question 28

Part of the structure of the eye that only contains densely packed cones and is used for high resolution

Answer 28

Fovea

Question 29

Part of the eye structure that accounts for everywhere but the fovea and is packed with rods

Answer 29

Periphery

Question 30

Part of the eye structure where the nerves (optic nerve) leave the eye, literally a blind spot there are no photoreceptors here

Answer 30

Optic Disc

Question 31

Reason we don't see our blood vessels although they are right in front of our retinas; lack of change in stimulation causes fatigue in photoreceptors so they stop responding

Answer 31

Adaptation

Question 32

Cells in our brain that receives messages from photoreceptors

Answer 32

Neurons

Question 33

Communication between neurons, brief strong electrical response that causes neuron to go from resting potential to threshold

Answer 33

Action Potential

Question 34

Addition of multiple smaller inputs that trigger an action potential

Answer 34

Subthreshold

Question 35

synaptic input that makes neurons less likely to fire

Answer 35

inhibitory or ipsp

Question 35

Needle like device used to measure action potentials in the brain by using an amplifier that ignites correlating sound

Answer 35

Microelectrode

Question 36

synaptic input that makes neurons fire

Answer 36

excitatory or epsp

Question 37

Epsp and ipsp works _______ each other

Answer 37

against

Question 38

Frequency of neurons when there is equally both excitatory and inhibitory input, same frequency as resting neuron without input

Answer 38

Spontaneous Activity

Question 39

Action potentials work as a pattern of cells to emit a message not just the firing of individual cells

Answer 39

Neural Democracy

Question 40

Neurons that are transparent and sit in front of photoreceptors and receive signals from photoreceptors, with axons that exit the eye through the optic nerve

Answer 40

Ganglion Cells

Question 41

True or False: Ganglion cells are able to collect info from multiple photoreceptor cells

Answer 41

True

Question 42

True or False: Receptive field of a ganglion cell is determined by the photoreceptors that connect to it

Answer 42

True

Question 42

True or False: Ganglion cells are the first step in construction of interpreting images

Answer 42

True

Question 43

True or False: Photoreceptors can connect to multiple ganglion cells

Answer 43

True

Question 44

Area on the retina corresponding to an area of the visual field to which a cell (neuron) is responsive

Answer 44

Receptive Fields

Question 45

Visual response where a neuron stop firing when light is shown and starts firing once light is turned off

Answer 45

Off Response

Question 46

True or False: Receptive fields are different for each photoreceptor

Answer 46

True

Question 47

Visual response where a neuron fire more rapidly when light is shown and stops firing once light is turned off

Answer 47

On Response

Question 48

On response neurons always respond most to _____ while off response neurons respond most to ________

Answer 48

light; darkness

Question 49

True or False: the eye cannot regrow photoreceptors

Answer 49

True