Midterm 1 Flashcards
(82 cards)
1
Q
Greater Antilles
A
Hispaniola, Cuba, Puerto Rico, Jamaica
2
Q
Lesser Antilles
A
String of active volcanoes lots of islands
3
Q
ABCS
A
Aruba, Bonaire, Curaçao
The Guianas
The rimland
4
Q
Oldest surviving map
A
6200 BC in turkey
5
Q
First map of world
A
Babylonian 600 BC
6
Q
Ocean plates and continental
A
Driven by magma and convection cells
Mid Atlantic drift pullin apart
7
Q
Divergent plate boundary
A
Mid Atlantic ridge
New landforms
North America plate to Caribbean plate
8
Q
Convergent plate boundary
A
Subduction zone
Ocean continental
Ocean continental convergence
Mountains and volcanoes
9
Q
Transform plate boundaries
A
Side to side
The rimland
10
Q
Rimland costal plain
A
Costal plain, hot, humid, flat, tropical rain forest not much inhabitable
11
Q
Bahamas and Turks and Caicos
A
Shallow limestone
12
Q
Cuban landform
A
Largest landform in Caribbean, good for ag, thousand of islands
Karst typography
Known for cigars
13
Q
Karst typography
A
Limestone used to be under ocean but gets lifted up and dissolves
14
Q
Hispaniola landforms
A
Rivers go under ground
Can see border of Haiti and demonican republic (less trees vs more)
15
Q
Puerto Rico landforms
A
- mountain backbone, costal plains
El younkay national rain forest
Arecibo observatory (in denote has been destroyed by hurricanes)
16
Q
Jamaican landforms
A
Mountains background (blue mountains)
Top sugar producing, coffee, banana
17
Q
A
18
Q
Caribbean physical landforms - Lesser Antilles
A
Extinct outer arc - lower and drier
Active inner arc - mountainous with more veg
ABCs - low lying dry islands
Trinidad part of South American continent and of the Andes mountains
19
Q
Caribbean climate (WET)
A
Tropical humid climates
Af trop wet claimres
Aw - trop Savana climate
NE - side trop wet
20
Q
Caribbean climate (DRY)
A
- Bwh trop and subtrop desert
21
Q
Temperature factors
A
Latitude
Ocean currents (warm ocean)
Altitude (go up in elevation things get cool)
22
Q
Precipitation Factors
A
- Atmospheric pressure belts
- Prevailing wind and orographic effects (trade winds NE wind flows from high to low)
23
Q
Atmopsheric pressure belts
A
Equatorial low pressure - 8 n/s (rising)
Subtropical high pressure 30 N/s (sinking)
24
Q
Day time breeze vs nighttime
A
Day time is a sea breeze and night time land breeze
25
Orographic effect
Air rises , cools cannot hold moisture = rain
- trade winds hit mountains
Windward = high rain
Leeward = rain shadow
26
Evaluation and lesser Antilles
Lower elevation outer arc
Mountainous inner arc lesser Antilles (Orographic effect not really rain shadow)
27
Natural hazard
Natural - has always happened
28
Natural disaster
Impacts humans
29
Vulnerabilities of natural hazards
Economics, social etc
30
Earthquakes
Greater Antilles
- port royal Jamaica - 1962
Kingston’s - port royal
Haiti, 2010 (hasn’t rebuilt still)
31
32
Volcanoes
Lesser Antilles
Subduction zone
- Martinique (wiped out entire city but one)
- Monserrat - 1995 to present (strato volcanoes, 2/3 island is inhabitable)
- st. Vincent - April 2021
33
Tropical storms and hurricanes
June-nov hurricane season but is changing because of climate change
34
Hurricane formation
- from cluster of thunder storms
- warm air is energy
- eye wall and rain bands
- when reach 74 MPH is hurricane
- storm surge are dangerous
35
Hurricane Gilbert
One of the strongest hurricanes ever - 500 miles wide
- 20 foot storm surge
80% of homes in Jamaica were lost
36
Hurricane relief
Collective efforts by BGO locals, abroad
Coupons to local hardware stores to locals
Repaired roofs to post office and schools
37
Caribbean vegetation
Costal communities - dry evergreen trees, shrubs, cactus, mangrove forests and swampland
38
Mangrove forest
Intertidal zone
- unique animals plants
Natural buffer against storms
39
Mangrove forest deforestation
Costal construction
Use of wood
Shrimp farms
Salt ponds
40
Forest and woodlands
- lowland seasonal forest
- mountains rainforest
41
Fauna
Reptiles - saltwater croc, green iguana, snakes
Mammals - mongoose (introduced), monkeys, sloths, bats
Sea - to many to count
42
Counter factual to evaluate national park effectiveness in Jamaica
Whether national parks actually conserve or attract
Blue mints and cock pit country
43
Forest transition model
Changes in forces clever as a society moves through demographic and economic transition
Scarcity hypthoesis (manage forest)
Industilization/economic transition hypothesis
44
Cock pit country forest reserve, Jamaica
- karst topography
- small holder hillside cultivation
- yam production (people go in reserve for yam production)
2011 - more reforest
45
Why is deforestation happening in Jamaica
People not having kids who want to
Political economy of ag (yam crashed because expenses)
Jamaica is known for boxite mines - makes it more likely to destroy forest
46
Populating the americas
Around 20,000-25,000 yrs ago sea level lower and land bridge
Came across and spread all across
Footprints in New Mexico between 21-23,000 yrs ago
47
Pre Colombian indigenous populations
Est. 12 to 100 mil very diverse
48
Central American indigenous cultures
Meeting ground of mesoamerica seed agriculture and South American root ag
Mesoamerica (corn) South America (tuber)
49
Central American rimland poeple
- came from South America originally
- tubers
- raised housing for ac, floods, bugs
50
Amazonia and lowland peoples
Went to Caribbean
Used to think not many lived in Amazon but it is believed that disease spread first
51
1. Guanahatabey (ciboney)
- H/G, lived in caves, revenant of first groups to migrate to the Caribbean (S America or Florida)
52
2. Taino (Arawak culture group)
Largest settlements 3000 ppl
- hunting fishing
Agriculturalist - conducts and shifting cultivation
Cassava (manioc yuca)
Yam, maize, squash, beans, pepppers
Religion centered around cassava
Chica drink fermented corn
Batey ball game
53
Taino cultural heritage
Name Haiti comes from Taino word ayiti(land of high mnts)
Cuba from Taino world Cuba - where fertile land
Barbaraco = Barbecue and other words
Etc
Enslaved by Columbus
54
3. Island Caribs - Kalinagos
From South American around 1200AD
Raid and trade w Taino
Cannibalism comes from Carib so Caribbean is cannibal
Warriors w large war canoes
Hunter fisher grew cassava and maize
55
Modern kalinagos
Carib-African mix in st. Vincent, Dominica, Trinidad and Tobago
British relocated 2500 to Honduras in 1797
Black Carib - Miskito Indian societies from Garifauna
56
European conquest demographic impact
Up to 95% of native Americana slots
In Caribbean almost completely wiped out
Warefare
Disease
Slavery
57
End results of European conquest for Caribbean
Physical and cultural geography completely reworked
Hybrid of erupean, Africa, Asia, indigous (greatest expression of globalization)
58
Moorish infleucnes on Iberia - the reconquest
1492
59
Spanish in the greater Antilles
Hispaniola-1496 Santo Domingo first settlement in the americas
Haiti become French in 1660
Puerto Rico 1509 smelted by pounce de Leon - British in 1655
Jamica - Columbus in 1494
Cuba - 1511
60
Trade restricted only with who
Spain
Forts and flotas for transport of wealth
Privateras from England and buccaneers French
61
Lesser Antilles French and English
French and English 1620s on
Later the Netherlands and Denmark acquired colonies
62
The Guianas
French, Dutch, English fought over it in early to mid 1600s
Treaty of Breda 1667-end of 2nd algo Dutch
French got French Guiana
Dutch got Suriname in exchange for new Amsterdam (NYC)
Guyana to English in 1812
63
The rimland of Central America
Treaty of Versailles (1738) between England and Spain gave England right to log Carib coast
British settlements formed brought slaves from Jamaica
British Honduras 1862 (now Belize)
64
Triangular trade
Trade winds NE - SW (used for trade) bigger than just sugar slaves rum a lot of other resources and very big
65
Spanish 1500s on
After Taino decimated turned to migrant labor
Spanish yeoman farmers
1780 turned to African slaves
66
English-1620s on
First indentured servants from Scotland, wales Ireland
Quickly changed to African salves
Abolition in 1830s led to indentured servants from India and Portugal
67
Salve trade
12 million people
Brazil received the most
Caribbean also huge amount
68
French and British slave codes
No right to own property
No right of personal protection
No right to marry w out master approval
69
Spanish slavery
Roman laws rights for slaves
- life
Protection of women and child from abuse
Own property
Personal contracts (marriage)
Purchase freedom
Sunday’s holidays off
Could work plots to earn money
70
71
Abolition of slavery
1833 English
1848 French
1865 US
1880 Cuba
72
John newton
Slave trader - notorious fro his wickedness
Violent storm led him to become devout Christian
1788 published thoughts upon slave trade
Amazing grace become an anthem for abolisnist
73
Maroon societies
Escaped slaves
Suriname
Jamaica maroons -1739 treaty
There still are maroon communities
Lead by Nanny
74
Asians (1830s to early 1900s)
Cuba 1847 began indentured servants from china
British 1830 abolition of slavery led to indentured servants from India
Dutch 1870s to Chinese from indo/indians
1890 indentured servants from Java (Indonesia)
75
Colonial Era Migration
Elites always migrate back home to Europe
Absentee plantation owners
Children for education
1200s West Indian planters migrated to US
Barbados to South Carolina
Cuba/haiit Louisiana
76
Jamaica population growth
Negative growth
77
Contemporary migration
1882 Chinese exclusion act
Cuban migration to Florida late 1800s
Early 1900s West Indian migration to US-NY
1921 quota act, 1924 natioanl origins act (trying to stop new migration)
1940s bracero program
78
Brixton, UK
1948 wind rush generation
492 Jamaicans arrived
Beginning of West Indian migration to UK
79
Caribbean migration
Main movements Central American coast
To Europe N America after WW2
To urban areas in region
Currently beginning of return migration and transnationalism
80
Migration to US
Legal immigration
Undocumented migration
Cuban wet foot dry foot - if they could make it land could stay
Haitian policy could not stay
Recent changes
81
Global remittance
Send money back to family
82
Transnationalism
the growing number of social, cultural, economic, and political connections that transcend national borders
