Midterm 1 Flashcards
(46 cards)
Brightfield - light microscopy (up to 1000x)
pigmented or stained specimens
- high contrast
- not motile (have to kill)
- good for morphology (white background on average)
phase contrast -light microscopy (up to 1000x)
non pigmented - (low contrast specimens
- can be motile
- make noundaries pop. white boundaries
fluorescence -light microscopy (up to 1000x)
view cells/structures labeled with a fluorochromes
- bright
- absorb/admits light
confocal flurescence - high resolution 3d image. use software (not typically alive)
scanning - electron microscopy (50000x)
exterior of specimen
- topography
-fine details
- processing of organism
transmission - electron microscopy (50000x)
internal structure
- high resolution
- dark circles = electron dense (electron cannot go through)
- lighter background = electrons can pass through
traits of gram negative bacteria
- stains pink for gram stain
bacterial envelope: - cell membrane
- lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
- THIN peptidoglycan
- outer membrane
- PG-associated protein (LP)
endosymbiotic theory
1) ancestral eukaryote + aerobic bacteria = mitochondria
2) early eukaryote + photosynthetic bacteria = chloroplasts
evidence that mitochondira and chloroplasts deruve from bacteria
size, singular chromosomes, 70s robosome, division by binary fision
traits of gram positive bacteria
- stains purple for gram stain
bacterial envelope: - cell membrane
- THICK peptidoglycan
- teichoic acid (TA)
- PG- associated protein (LP)
eukaryotes
a group of individuals that can reproduce naturlly and produce fertile offspring
- mebrane bound organelles
- nucleus = house of DNA
prokaryotes
cannot determine simply by shape or size. they look very similar.
- do not use kingdom to classify anymore
binary fission
exponential
- explains why you can get sick easily
solutes that can pass through a phospholipid bilayer via simple diffusion
nonpolar, small proteins
semi- log
- makes easier to read
- fastest growth/death = straight line
** lose resolution as with a high increase
hypertonic environment
water is drawn OUT the cell
- causes plasmolysis (loss of cytoplasm volume)
isotonic environment
same concentration inside and outside the cell
turbidity (optical density)
- more cells = more scatterring = higher optical density (can see through boba/scatterrign light)
hypotonic environment
water draw INTO the cell
- more water inside the cell and membrane has to expand
peptidoglycan cell wall components
- made up of meurin proteins
- N-Acetylglucosamine (NAG)
- N-Acetylmuramic acid (NAM)
- linked by transglycosylase
- short peptides linked by trasnpeptidase
growth curve
1) lag phase - lost of metabolic activity but no increase
2) exponential phase - doubling at a relatively constant pace
3) stationary phase - no net chnage (nutrients = waste)
4) Death phase - conditions are so bad they are dying by log
periplasm hydrolytic enzymes
- breaks down into digestible units
- phosphatases, proteases, endonucleases
periplasm peptidoglycan synthesis proteins
- builds more cell wall
- transglycolylases, transpeptidases
periplasm chemoreceptors
- recognize and transport molecules
- chemotaxis, germination
periplasm detoxyifying enzymes
-detoxifying poisons
