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psych 223 > midterm 1 > Flashcards

midterm 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the main idea about the biological theory

A

Biological and physiological
processes (e.g., those involving
genes, hormones, and
neurotransmitters) influence traits
and behaviours.

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2
Q

what is the strength for the biological theory

A

Biological principles that underlie
genetics and epigenetics are
expanding our understanding
of human health and disease
processes and uncovering the complex role that inheritance plays
in human health and the related importance of early intervention.

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3
Q

what is the weakness of the biological theory

A

Biological approaches may neglect
the impact of psychological
factors, sociocultural factors, and family conditions on development.

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4
Q

what is the main ideas about the genetic theory

A

it emphasizes the genetic origins of human behaviour

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5
Q

what is the strengths of the genetics theory

A

Relevant to many fields, ranging from molecular medicine to a better understanding of human evolution, this
has contributed to advances in medicine
and biotechnology.

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6
Q

what is the weakness for the genetic theory

A

It poses ethical issues around gene patents, genetic testing, discrimination,
privacy, genetic modification; our genetic makeup accounts for only a
portion of human traits

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7
Q

what is the main ideas for epigenetic theory

A

The environment and life experiences
have immediate and long-term influences on gene expression, the
genetic code, and, by extension,
human behaviour and health.

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8
Q

what is the strength for the epigenetic theory

A

It contributes to our understanding
of the inheritance factors involved in
vulnerability and resilience to disease and disorder; it focuses attention on
the need to promote early interventional strategies during prenatal and early
childhood development.

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9
Q

what is the weakness of the epigenetic theory

A

The precise, underlying mechanisms
by which the environment and life experiences can alter epigenetic markings remain largely unknown.

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10
Q

what is the main idea about the evoluntary theory

A

the genetic makeup of populations
changes over generations by favouring traits that enable individuals to survive and reproduce.

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11
Q

what is the strength for the evolutionary theory

A

It underestimates the impact of the environment and places too much
emphasis on heredity; the theories are difficult to prove.

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12
Q

what is the main idea about psychoanalytic theory

A

Adult behaviour and feelings,
including psychological problems, stem from our childhood
experiences.

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13
Q

what is the strength of the psychoanalytic theory

A

This highlights the important
role that parenting has on early childhood experiences; it proposes that the child’s needs change with age, so parents and other
caregivers must constantly adapt to the changing child.

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14
Q

what is the weakness of the psychoanalytic theory

A

Many psychoanalytic concepts
were derived from individual case studies and cannot be readily
applied universally; the concepts are difficult to test empirically (e.g., how to objectively measure
internal drives and emotions).

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15
Q

what is the main idea about Freud’s psychosexual theory

A

Personality develops in five stages from birth to adolescence; in each
stage, the need for physical pleasure is focused on a different part of the body

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16
Q

what is the strength of Freud’s psycho-sexual theory

A

This emphasizes the importance of experiences in infancy and early childhood;
provides psychological explanations for mental disorders; and has given psychologists a number of helpful concepts, such as the unconscious, the
ego, and defence mechanisms

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17
Q

what is the weakness of Freud’s psychosexual theory

A

Sexual feelings are not as important in personality development as Freud claimed; concepts, such as libido and psychosexual, are more descriptive than scientific in nature

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18
Q

what is the main idea of Erikson’s psychosocial theory

A

Personality develops through eight life crises across the entire lifespan; a person finishes each crisis with either a good or a poor resolution.

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19
Q

what is the main strength of Erikson’s psychosocial theory

A

This helps explain the role of culture in personality development; it is important
in lifespan psychology and provides a useful description of personality
development at different ages

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20
Q

what is the weakness of Erikson’s psychosocial theory

A

Describing each period in terms of a single crisis is probably an oversimplification.

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21
Q

what is the main idea of the humanistic theory

A

this emphasizes the basic
goodness of human beings; each individual has a unique potential and has an inborn drive for personal growth and achieving self-actualization

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22
Q

what is the strength of the humanistic theory

A

It shifts the focus of development
onto individual choices more so than emotional, biological, or societal forces; it is inherently optimistic and gives people more credit in controlling and determining their well-being.

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23
Q

what is the weakness of the humanistic theory

A

The concepts are difficult to
test empirically because the
propositions are not stated clearly enough (e.g., how to objectively measure self-actualization).

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24
Q

what is the main idea of Maslow’s Theory of
Motivation

A

One is motivated to satisfy a range of physical, social, and psychological needs; the ultimate goal in life is to
achieve self-actualization.

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25
what is the strength of maslow's theory of motivation
It focuses attention on healthy development.
26
what is the weakness of maslow's theory of motivation
The terms and hierarchical ranking of Maslow’s list of needs are unproven.
27
what is the main ideas about roger's theory of the self
This emphasizes the individual’s responsibility for, and the active role one plays in, furthering one’s personal growth.
28
what is the strength of roger's theory of the self theory
The individual can effect change toward personal growth.
29
what is the weakness of roger's theory of the self theory
It tends to discount the importance of past events.
30
what is the main idea of the behavioral theory
behaviour is determined by the environment through conditioning; behaviourism is primarily concerned with observable behaviour, as opposed to internal mental events such as thinking; empirical data is collected through careful and controlled observation and measurement.
31
what is strengths of behavioural theory
Learning theories can explain both consistency and changes in behaviour; it is optimistic about the possibility of change—behaviour can change if the reinforcement system changes, so problem behaviours can be modified; it provides an accurate picture of the way in which many behaviours are learned.
32
what is the weakness of the behavioral theory
The traditional learning theorists’ approach is not developmental; it doesn’t tell us much about change over a lifespan, in either childhood or adulthood.
33
what is the main idea of pavlov's classical conditioning
Learning happens when neutral stimuli become so strongly associated with natural stimuli that they elicit the same response
34
what is the strength of pavlov classical conditioning
It is useful in explaining how emotional responses, such as phobias, are learned.
35
what is the weakness of pavlov classical conditioning
The explanation of behavioural change is too limited to serve as a comprehensive theory of human development.
36
what is the main idea of Skinner's operant conditioning theory
Development involves behaviour changes that are shaped by reinforcement and punishment.
37
what is the strength of Skinner’s Operant Conditioning Theory
This is the basis of many useful strategies for managing and changing human behaviour.
38
what is the weakness of Skinner's operant conditioning theory
Humans are not as passive as Skinner claimed; the theory ignores hereditary, cognitive, emotional, and social factors in development.
39
what is the main idea of the Cognitive theory
behaviour can be largely explained in terms of how the mind operates (e.g., memory, thinking, and problem-solving processes occur between stimulus and response).
40
what is the strength of the cognitive theory
The science of cognitive psychology is based mainly on laboratory experiments; it has contributed to many effective therapeutic interventions.
41
what is the weakness of the cognitive theory
Much research involves artificial laboratory tasks, such as learning lists of words, and therefore it doesn’t always fully describe how the mind works in the real world.
42
what is the main idea of Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development
Reasoning develops in four universal stages from birth through adolescence; in each stage, the child builds a different kind of scheme.
43
what is the strength of Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development theory
This helps explain how children of different ages think about and act on the world
44
what is the weakness of Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development theory
Piaget was inexact about some of the ages at which children develop particular skills; the stage concept may cause adults to underestimate children’s reasoning abilities; there may be additional stages in adulthood.
45
what is the main idea of Information-Processing Theory
Human cognitive functioning encoding, storage, and retrieval processes—changes with brain maturation and practice, causing changes in cognitive functioning.
46
what is the strength of Information-Processing Theory
This helps explain how much information people of different ages can manage at one time and how they process it; it provides a useful framework for studying individual differences in people of the same age.
47
what is the weakness of Information-Processing Theory
Human information processing is much more complex than that of a computer; the theory doesn’t provide an overall picture of development.
48
what is the main idea of Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory
Cognitive development is strengthened through social interactions that involve speaking during guided problem-solving tasks.
49
what is the strength of Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory
It stresses the importance of sociocultural interaction for cognitive development.
50
what is the weakness of Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory
Verbal instructions may not benefit cognitive development in some cultures
51
what is the main idea of Bandura’s Social-Cognitive Theory
People learn from models, and what is learned depends on how they interpret the situation; a child’s level of cognitive development affects his or her impressions and reactions to circumstances; we both shape and are shaped by our environment.
52
what is the strength of the Bandura’s Social-Cognitive Theory
This helps explain how models influence behaviour; it adds further to our understanding of human development by integrating cognitive, emotional, social, and environmental factors.
53
what is the weakness of the Bandura’s Social-Cognitive Theory
It does not provide an overall picture of development—biological influences are underemphasized.
54
what is the main idea of the systems theory
this provides an interdisciplinary perspective to the study of human development; both humans and their environments are active in the developmental process.
55
what is the strength of the systems theory
It captures the complexity of individual and contextual variables and the interactions among these variables
56
what is the weakness of the system theory
It is hard to form generalizations and predictions because of the complexity of interactions among variables.
57
what is the main ideas of the Bronfenbrenner’s Bioecological Theory
Human development is a product of individual and contextual variables interacting over time.
58
what is the strength of the Bronfenbrenner’s Bioecological Theory
This highlights the need for research examining the complex interactions among individual and contextual variables.
59
what is the weakness of the Bronfenbrenner’s Bioecological Theory
It underplays physical environmental influences (ranging from pollution to poor nutrition or disease).
60
what is the main idea of Shonkoff’s Ecobiodevelopmental Theory
There is a need for a science-based approach toward creating early childhood policies, practices, and interventions aimed specifically at health promotion and disease prevention.
61
what is the strength of Shonkoff’s Ecobiodevelopmental Theory
it promotes advocacy across all levels of the socioeconomic and political spectrums, with health care professionals taking on a lead role
62

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