Midterm 1 Flashcards
(159 cards)
1
Q
What term describes a subjective finding of what the patient feels or experiences, and reports to you?
A
Symptom
2
Q
What term describes an objective finding that can be seen, heard, felt, or smelled by another person?
A
Sign
3
Q
What term describes a group of signs and symptoms of disordered function related to one another?
A
Syndorme
4
Q
What term describes the actual diagnosed impairment of health or established condition of abnormal function?
A
Disease
5
Q
What term describes the patient experience symptoms that will eventually lead them to seek your care?
A
Chief Complaint
6
Q
What term describes a comprehensive and chronological account of the presenting chief complaint?
A
History of Presenting Illness
7
Q
What is the term for difficulty swallowing?
A
Dysphagia
8
Q
What is the term for the process of swallowing?
A
Deglutination
9
Q
Is swallowing considered a voluntary or involuntary process?
A
Voluntary
10
Q
What is the term for painful swallowing?
A
Odynophagia
11
Q
What is the medical term for indigestion?
A
Dyspepsia
12
Q
What is the term for heartburn?
A
Pyrosis
13
Q
What term describes a compulsive eating of ice?
A
Pagophagia
14
Q
What term describes the inability to swallow?
A
Aphasia
15
Q
What is the term for excessive eating?
A
Polyphagia
16
Q
What condition is characterized by the idiopathic bone proliferation, calcification, and ossification of soft tissue in four continuous flowing segments?
A
Diffuse Idiopathic Skeletal Hyperostosis (DISH)
17
Q
What is the most common location for DISH to occur?
A
T7-T11
18
Q
What is the 2nd most common location of DISH to occur?
A
C5-C7
19
Q
What other condition is highly associated with DISH?
A
OPLL
20
Q
What condition is characterized by the smooth, eccentric structural abnormality that causing partial obstruction and difficulty swallowing solid foods?
A
Esophageal web
21
Q
What condition is characterized by a web-like narrowings at the GE junction causing obstruction?
A
Schatzki rings
22
Q
What layers of tissue are affected in an Esophageal web?
A
Mucosa and submucosa
23
Q
What layers of tissue affected in an Schatzki’s Ring?
A
Mucosa, submucosa, and muscular
24
Q
What condition is often associated with the presence of a Schatzki’s Ring?
A
Hiatal hernia
25
What measurement of the lumen is associated with a symptomatic Schatzki's Ring?
<13mm
26
What condition is always known as the "Steakhouse Syndrome"?
Schatzki's Ring
27
What condition is characterized by the uncoordinated, stimulatenous esophageal contraction?
Esophageal spasm
28
What is another term for Diffuse Esopahageal Spasm?
Corkscrew Esophagus/Rosary Bead Esophagus
29
What condition is characterized by a coordinated esophageal contractions with excessively increased amplitude?
Nutcracker Esophagus
30
What are some of the signs and symptoms of an Esophageal Spasm?
-Globus sensation
-Substernal chest, neck, arm, back, or upper abdomen pain
-Intermittent odynophagia to liquids and solids
31
What condition is characterized by an out-pouching of the esophagus?
Esophageal Diverticulum
32
What type of diverticulum occurs when the mucosa, submucosa, and muscular layer all out-pouch?
True Diverticulum
33
What type of diverticulum occurs when the mucosa and submucosa out-pouch through the muscular layer?
False Diverticulum
34
What is the most common Esophageal Diverticulum to cause symptoms?
Zenker's Diverticulum
35
What type of diverticulum is a Zenker's Diverticulum classified as?
False Diverticulum
36
What are some of the signs and symptoms of a Zenker's Diverticulum?
-Halitosis
-Oropharyngeal Dysphagia to solids and liquids
-Hoarseness of voice over time
-Coighing episodes
37
What condition is characterized by an autoimmune neuromuscular disorder resulting in fluctuating skeletal muscle weakness and fatigability?
Myasthenia Gravis
38
What population is most commonly affected by Myasthenia Gravis?
20-40 yo females
39
What is the term for paraneoplasitc syndrome cause of Myasthenia Gravis?
Lambert Eaton Myasthenia Syndrome
40
What protein is often attacked with an antibody in Myasthenia Gravis?
Muscle Specific Kinase (MuSK)
41
What condition is characterized by the reflux of stomach and/or duodenal contents into the esophagus due to incompetence of the lower esophageal sphincter?
GERD
42
What is the possible progression that GERD can lead to?
Metaplasia, Barrett's Esophagus, Adenocarcinoma
43
What are some of the signs and symptoms of GERD?
-Heartburn
-Dysphagia and odynophagia
-Chest pain that radiates to neck, arm, back, and jaw
-Hoarseness of voice for 1 year in the AM
-Chronic cough and bronchospasm
44
What condition is characterized by the classic symptoms of GERD in the absence of esophageal mucosal injury?
Non-Erosive GERD
45
What is the most common esophageal cancer worldwide?
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
46
What risk factor is most commonly associated with Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma?
Heavy use of alcobol and tobacco
47
What is the most common esophageal cancer in the USA?
Adenocarcinoma
48
What risk factor is most commonly associated with Esophageal Adenocarcinoma?
Smoking and Barrett's Esophagus
49
What population is most commonly affected by Esophageal Carcinoma?
60-80 year old male
50
What are some of the signs and symptoms of Esophageal Carcinoma?
-Initially painless progressive Dysphagia to solids
-Unintentional weight loss
-Central chest pain
-Hematemesis
51
What term describes an enlarged left supraclavicular node associated with malignant cancer?
Virchow's Node
52
What term describes a palpable nodule building into the umbilicus as a result of metastasis of a malignant cancer in the pelvis or abdomen?
Sister Mary Joseph Nodule
53
What term describes an esophageal narrowing dysmotility disorder that only affects the mucosa?
Esophageal Erosion
54
What term describes an esophageal narrowing dysmotility disorder that affects the mucosa and submucosa?
Esophageal Acute Ulcer
55
What term describes an esophageal narrowing dysmotility disorder that affects the mucosa, submucosa, and muscularis layer?
Esophageal Chronic Ulcer
56
What is the most common cause of Esophageal Ulcers?
Prolonged use of NSAIDS by blocking gastric mucosa cyclooxygenase activity leading to decreased epithelial cell regeneration
57
What condition is characterized by the function of the esophagus due to the failure of the lower esophageal sphincter to relax?
Achalasia
58
What term describes an achalasia caused by an external mass wrapping circumferentially around the lower esophagus?
Pseudo-achalasia
59
What test is the gold standard for diagnosing Achalasia?
Esophageal manometry
60
What radiographic sign is associated with the presence of Achalasia?
Bird's beak/rat tail
61
What are some of the signs and symptoms of Achalasia?
-Gradual progressive Dysphagia/odynophagia to solids and liquids
-Sub-sternal discomfort after eating
-Weight loss
-Regurgitation
62
What condition is characterized by the infection of Trypanosoma cruzi leading to achalasia and other GI and heart issues?
Chagas Disease
63
What two symptoms are associated with Chagas Disease?
Romana sign and Chagoma
64
What sign is characterized by unilateral painless periorbital edema and palpebral edema swelling associated with the acute phase of Chagas?
Romana sign
65
What sign is characterized by a swelling resembling a tumor that appears at the site of infection in Chagas' disease?
Chagoma
66
What is the most common organ affected in the chronic stage of Chagas Disease?
Heart
67
What condition is characterized as an autoimmune connective tissue disease causing overproduction of collagen leading to thickened and harder tissues?
Scleroderma
68
What type of Scleroderma only affects the skin?
Localized Scleroderma
69
What are the different types of Systemic Scleroderma?
-Diffuse
-Limited cutaneous
-Sine sclerosis
70
What type of Systemic Scleroderma only affects the internal organs?
Sine sclerosis
71
What set of signs and symptoms is associated with Systemic Scleroderma?
CREST (calcinosis, Raynaud's phenomenon, esophageal dysmotility, sclerodactyly, and telangiectasia)
72
What is the typical skin color changes associated with Raynaud's phenomenon?
White, blue, red
73
What term describes the dilation of capillaries causing red marks on the surface of the skin?
Telangiectasia
74
What are some of the common signs and symptoms of Scleroderma?
-Dysphagia
-Taut, shiny, salt-and-pepper skin/uclerations
-Polyarthralgias
-Reduced oral aperture
75
What conditions is characterized by the enlarged and swollen veins at the lower end of the esophagus?
Esophageal Varices
76
What is the most common cause of Esophageal Varices?
Portal hypertension from liver cirrhosis
77
What are the steps of Liver Cirrhosis?
-Ascites
-Bleeding
-Caput Medusae
-Diminished liver function
-Enlarged spleen
78
What are some of the signs and symptoms of Esophageal Varices and the associated conditions with it?
-Sudden and painless hematemesis
-Weakness and fatigue
-Cyanosis and jaundice
-Pale stool
-Abdominal pain/discomfort
79
What is the gold standard for diagnosing liver cirrhosis?
Liver biopsy
80
What condition is characterized by a longitudinal non-transmural mucosal teat affections the lower part of the esophagus leading to hematemesis?
Mallory-Weiss Tear
81
What are the most common causes of a Mallory-Weiss tear?
Vomiting, retching, or hiccuping
82
What two conditions are often associated with the presence of a Mallory-Weiss tear?
Recent alcohol use and eating disorders
83
What signs and symptoms are commonly associated with a Mallory-Weiss tear?
-Hematemesis
-Melena
-Vomiting post over-indulgence of food or alcohol
-Abdominal pain
84
If a doctor suspects a patient has a Mallory-Weiss tear, what other condition do they find 90% of the time when doing imaging?
Hiatal hernia
85
What condition is characterized by the complete, transmural perforation of the lower part of the esophagus from forceful vomiting with the exit of gastric contents into the mediastinum?
Boerhaave's Syndrome
86
What condition is characterized by the complete, transmural perforation of the lower part o the esophagus from an endoscopic procedure or other instrumentation?
Iatrogenic Esophageal Rupture
87
What signs and symptoms are commonly associated with Boerhaave's Syndrome?
-Hematemesis
-Sudden onset of severe chest pain
-Abdominal pain
-Mediastinal crunch (Hamman sign)
-Mackler Triad
88
What term describes the finding of vomiting, lower thoracic pain, and subcutaneous emphysema?
Mackler Triad
89
What diagnostic imaging is needed to diagnose Boerhaave's disease?
Esophagography (water soluble contrast)
90
What condition is characterized by the hypermetabolic state due to increased circulation of thyroid hormones?
Thyrotoxicosis
91
What is the most common cause of Thyrotoxicosis?
Hyperthyroidism
92
What is the most common type of Hyperthyroidism?
Graves Disease
93
What condition is characterized by an autoimmune disorder against TSH receptors leading to diffuse enlargement of the thyroid gland?
Graves Disease
94
What condition is characterized by a hyperfunctioning areas of the thyroid that produce high T4 and T3 (low TSH) while the rest of the thyroid atrophies?
Plummer Disease
95
What is the most common cause of hypothyroidism in the US?
Hashimoto's Thyroiditis
96
What condition is characterized by an autoimmune disease in which the body's own antibodies attack and destroy the cells of the thyroid gland
Hasimoto's Thyroiditis
97
What condition is characterized by the inadequate production of thyroid hormone in newborn infants due to an anatomical defect in the thyroid gland?
Cretinism
98
What condition is characterized by the inflammation of the gastric mucosa associated with mucosal injury?
Gastritis
99
What is the most common cause of gastritis?
H. Pylori infection
100
What condition is characterized by the thickening of the gastric mucosa leading to appearance of brain-like tissue?
Menetrier disease
101
What are some of the signs and symptoms of Gastritis?
-Epigastric discomfort
-Indigestion
-Weight loss
-Pain may be relieved with eating
102
What condition is characterized by a small protrusion of the stomach inner lining that is usually benign?
Gastric Polyp
103
What type of polyp is most common in regions where H. Pylori is prevalent?
Hyperplastic polyp
104
What type of polyp is most common with proton-pump inhibitor (PPI) use?
Fundic gland polyp
105
What is the most common type of stomach cancer?
Gastric Adenocarcinoma
106
What is the most common cause of Gastric Adenocarcinoma?
H. Pylori infection
107
A patient walks into your office complaining of intermittent and recurrent abdominal pain. They state that they've lost weight and the pain is worse with food, NSAIDs, caffeine, and alcohol. They avoid eating food because it hurts to eat. Based on these findings, what condition do you suspect they have?
Gastric ulcer
108
A patient walks into your office complaining of intermittent and recurrent abdominal pain. They state that the pain begins 2-3 hours after eating and is relieved by eating food within a few minutes. This has made them gain a lot of weight. Based on these findings, what condition do you suspect this patient has?
Duodenal ulcer
109
What is the best diagnostic imaging tool to exam gastric or duodenal ulcers?
Endoscopy
110
What condition is characterized by a gastric-producing and secreting neuroendocrine tumor of the pancreas and/or duodenum resulting in hypersecretion of gastric acid secretion?
Zollinger Ellison Syndrome
111
What are some of the sings and symptoms of Zollinger Ellison Syndrome?
-Severe epigastric pain
-Diarrhea, steatorrhea, malabsorption
-Symptoms of PUD
112
What condition is often associated with the incidence of Zollinger Ellison Syndrome?
Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia I Syndrome
113
What three organs are affected in MEN I?
Pituitary, Parathyroid, and Pancreas
114
What three organs are affected in MEN 2?
Thyroid, Adrenal gland, and Parathyroid
115
What laboratory test is helpful in diagnosing Zollinger Ellison Syndrome?
Increased fasting serum gastric level
116
What is the medical term for gallstones?
Cholelithiasis
117
What term describes inflammation of the bile ducts?
Cholangitis
118
What term describes the presence of a stone in the common bile duct and is the most common cause of acute cholangitis?
Choledocholithiasis
119
What term describes the combination of fever, jaundice, and right upper quadrant pain?
Charcot Triad
120
What term describes the combination of Charcot triad, altered mental status, and septic shock seen with obstructive ascending cholangitis?
Reynold's Pentad
121
What condition is characterized as inflammation of the gallbladder resulting from a gallstone blocking the cystic duct?
Cholecysitis
122
What test is highly positive when the patient has cholecystitis?
Murphy's sign
123
What is the positive finding for Murphy's sign?
RUQ pain when breathing in with pressure
124
What is the common referral pattern for Cholecysitis?
To the right scapula or back
125
Chronic Cholecysitis can lead to what condition?
Porcelain gallbladder
126
What autoimmune liver disease is characterized by affecting a middle-aged woman with jaundice, pruritus, fatigue, xanthomas and leading to cholestasis?
Primary biliary cirrhosis
127
What condition is characterized by the idiopathic progressive fibrosis of the liver leading to structure of the hepatic bile ducts?
Primary sclerosing cirrhosis
128
What condition is characterized by the inflammation of the pancreas?
Pancreatitis
129
What is the most common cause acute pancreatitis?
Chronic, excessive, alcohol ingestion
130
What is the most common cause of chronic pancreatitis?
Chronic, excessive, alcohol ingestion
131
What is the second most common cause of acute pancreatitis?
Gallstones
132
What is the second most common cause of chronic pancreatitis?
Smoking
133
What are the most common etiologies of Pancreatitis?
-Idiopathic
-Gallstones
-Ethanol (alcohol)
-Trauma
-Steroids
-Measles/mumps
-Autoimmune
-Scorpion stings
-Hypertriglyceremia
-ERCP
-Drugs
134
What are some of the signs and symptoms of Acute pancreatitis?
-Pain penetrating to the back
-Nausea, vomiting
-Severe, constant pain
-Malodorous stool
-Symptoms of DM
135
What actions are provocative in a patient with acute pancreatitis?
Supine position, fatty meals, alcohol ingestions, coughing
136
What actions are palliative in a patient with acute pancreatitis?
Sitting up and leaning slightly forward, fetal position
137
What term describes superficial edema and bruising in the subcutaneous fatty tissue around the umbilicus?
Cullen's sign
138
What term may be indicative of pancreatic necrosis with retroperitoneal or intra-abdominal bleeding?
Grey-Turner sign
139
What is the most common type of pancreatic cancer is often very aggressive?
Pancreatic adenocarcinoma
140
What term describes the combination of a painless jaundice and the presence of an enlarged palpable gallbladder associated with pancreatic cancer?
Courvoisier sign
141
What the three most common causes of Cirrhosis of the liver?
1. Chronic alcoholism
2. Chronic hepatitis
3. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
142
What are the majors clinical consequences of having Cirrhosis of the liver?
Portal hypertension and hepatocellular carcinoma
143
What condition is characterized by the inability to digest lactose due to diminished levels of lactase?
Lactose intolerance
144
What condition is characterized as a chronic gluten-sensitive enteropathy due to genetically susceptible people?
Celiac disease
145
What condition is characterized by the chronic episodes of cyanosis and paleness of the skin, primarily in the fingers or toes, due to intermittent constriction of arterioles in the skin?
Raynaud Disease
146
What term describes the finding of losing the lateral portion of your eyebrow?
Queen Anne Sign
147
What condition is associated with Queen Anne Sign?
Hashimoto's Thyroiditis
148
What condition is characterized as a self limiting thyroid condition that takes a triphasic clinical course?
Subacute thyroiditis
149
What clinical test is characterized by tapping on the cheek to cause a facial spasm and is associated with hypocalcemia?
Chvostek's sign
150
What clinical test is characterized by inflating a blood pressure cuff and watching for the involuntary contraction of the hand and wrist and is associated with hypocalcemia?
Trousseau's sign
151
What condition is characterized by the systemic infectious disease caused by the infiltration of tissue by Tropheryma Whippelli bacterium primarily affecting the small intestines?
Whipple's Disease
152
What are some of the signs and symptoms of Whipple's Disease?
-Abdominal pain
-Migratory joint pain
-Symptoms of nutrient deficiency
-Symptoms of dehydration
-Presence of Chvostek and Trousseau sign (if severe hypocalcemia)
-Ascities
153
What condition is characterized by acute then chronic diarrhea, weight loss, malabsorption, and megaloblastic anemia after traveling to the tropics and subtropics?
Tropical Sprue
154
What organ is most commonly affected by Tropical Sprue?
Small intestines
155
What is the most common nutritional deficiencies associated with Tropical Sprue?
Folic Acid and B12
156
What condition is characterized by abdominal pain after meals due to insufficient blood flow within the vasculature to meet visceral demands?
Abdominal Angina
157
What is the most common cause of Abdominal Angina?
Atherosclerotic vascular disease
158
What is the term for point that is usually tender between the ASIS and umbilicus and is associated with Appendicitis?
McBurney's Point
159
What condition is characterized by a vague epigastric pain that localized to the RLQ within 24 hours?
Appendicitis
