Midterm 1

Question 0

In early times, people believed that human behaviour arises from:

Answer 0

Soul, spirit, some part of body (brain or heart)

Question 1

Aphasia

Answer 1

Temporary disfuctioning of Broca’s area, e.g. Migrains

Question 2

Patient “Tan”

Answer 2

Paul Broca’s patient with brain cavity caused by stroke; can only say the word “Tan”; led to idea that language is localized

Question 3

White matter

Answer 3

Nerve fibres, take up greater proportion of brain matter

Question 4

Cerebral cortex organization

Answer 4

Six layers

Question 5

Meninges

Answer 5

Dura mater, arachnoid, pia mater

Question 6

Production of CSF in ventricles

Answer 6

500 cc per day

Question 7

Hydrocephalus

Answer 7

A blockage causing fluid to be backed up in the ventricles

Question 8

Where CSF is synthesized

Answer 8

Choroid plexus

Question 9

CSF path to the veinous system

Answer 9

Through arachnoid granulations

Question 10

Internal carotid artery

Answer 10

Left and right, blood supply from heart to anterior brain

Question 11

Vertebral artery

Answer 11

Embedded in spinal bone, posterior

Question 12

Three arteries covering the brain

Answer 12

Anterior - medial surface
Middle - lateral surface
Posterior - occipital lobe

Question 13

Blood supply to basal ganglia

Answer 13

From all three arteries

Question 14

Blood supply to thalamus

Answer 14

From posterior artery

Question 15

Damage to left occipital lobe

Answer 15

Right visual field neglect

Question 16

Blind in one eye

Answer 16

Optic nerve for this eye is damaged

Question 17

Anisocoria

Answer 17

Unequal pupil size, congenital or damage to optic nerve

Question 18

Papilledema

Answer 18

Swollen optic nerve caused by intercranial pressure

Question 19

Cranial nerve I

Answer 19

Olfactory

Question 20

Cranial nerve II

Answer 20

Optic nerve

Question 21

Cranial nerves 3,4,6

Answer 21

Oculomotor, trochlear, abducens

Question 22

Ocular muscles

Answer 22

6 muscles: medial, lateral, superior, inferior rictus; superior & inferior oblique

Question 23

Lateral rectus palsy

Answer 23

Eye muscle weakness, eye get stuck one moving to certain direction

Question 24

Strabismus

Answer 24

Lazy eye, congenital muscle problem, can be fixed

Question 25

Cranial nerve V

Answer 25

Trigeminal, sensation on face

Question 26

Cranial nerve VII

Answer 26

Facial, motor function of face

Question 27

Bell's palsy

Answer 27

Weakness of facial muscle, can't change expression, blink

Question 28

Cranial nerve VIII

Answer 28

Vestibulocochlear, auditory

Question 29

Cranial nerve 9

Answer 29

Glossopharyngeal, pharynx sensation, gag reflex

Question 30

Cranial nerve 10

Answer 30

Vagus, pharynx movement; also supplies to almost every organ in the body

Question 31

Cranial nerve 11

Answer 31

Spinal accessory, muscle control of neck, shoulders

Question 32

Cranial nerve 12

Answer 32

Hypoglossal, tongue, damage to one nerve tongue deviate to the weak side when sticking out

Question 33

Cranial nerves for taste

Answer 33

7,9,12 - three nerves divide up the tongue

Question 34

Brain stem components

Answer 34

Midbrain (cranial nerves 1-4), pons, medulla

Question 35

Motor system crossover at this location

Answer 35

Medulla

Question 36

Flaccid muscle tone

Answer 36

Decreased tone, damage in peripheral motor neurons

Question 37

Spastic muscle tone

Answer 37

Increased tone, damage in motor cortex

Question 38

Somatosensory pathway for sense of position, vibration

Answer 38

Cross over at medulla

Question 39

Somatosensory pathway for pain, temperature

Answer 39

Cross over at spinal cord

Question 40

Graphesthesia

Answer 40

Unable to tell what's being written on skin

Question 41

Astereognosis

Answer 41

Unable to recognize object in hand

Question 42

Pneumoencephalogram

Answer 42

Inject air in spinal cord to image ventricles

Question 43

Alzheimer's disease can be detected by which imaging technique

Answer 43

PET; because decreased glucose metabolism

Question 44

Lumber puncture

Answer 44

Draw out CSF a from spine to observe it

Question 45

Cerebral angiogram

Answer 45

Inject dye into arteries, take x-Ray

Question 46

Ischemic stroke

Answer 46

Blockage causing lack of oxygen and blood

Question 47

Thrombotic stroke

Answer 47

Blood clot in the brain, ishemic

Question 48

Embolic

Answer 48

Blood clot from somewhere else in the body that travelled through bloodstream into the brains artery

Question 49

Hemorrhagic

Answer 49

Rupture and bleeding of arteries

Question 50

Stenosis

Answer 50

Narrowing of artery, caused by buildup of cholesterol plaque

Question 51

Lacunar stroke

Answer 51

Small stroke, blockage in little arteries deep inside the brain

Question 52

Carotid endarterectomy

Answer 52

Surgery to take out plaque in artery to prevent stroke

Question 53

Transient ischemic attack

Answer 53

Mini stroke, recover within few min to 24 hours, no cell death

Question 54

Arterio veinous malformation

Answer 54

Bundle of abnormal vessels, susceptible to bleeding

Question 55

Aneurysm

Answer 55

Weak part in artery that bulges out due to blood pressure, then rupture

Question 56

Subarachnoid hemorrhagic stroke

Answer 56

Caused by aneurysm, high mortality rate

Question 57

Diffuse brain injury

Answer 57

Concussion, rapid acceleration/deceleration lead to tearing of fibres

Question 58

Focal injury

Answer 58

Contusion, bruising on the brain

Question 59

Hematoma

Answer 59

Damage to meninges

Question 60

Epidural hematoma

Answer 60

Artery above dura bleeds, high pressure, pushing down on brain stem

Question 61

Herniation

Answer 61

Intracranial pressure that can be deadly

Question 62

Subdural hematoma

Answer 62

Bleeding of veins, low pressure, slow effect

Question 63

Bradykinesia

Answer 63

Slow movement

Question 64

Cogwheel rigidity

Answer 64

Jerky stiff muscle movement

Question 65

Hypophonic speech

Answer 65

Soft speech

Question 66

Nigrostriatal pathway

Answer 66

Dopaminergic pathway; substantial nigra transport dopamine to striatum, then to basal ganglia

Question 67

Pallidotomy

Answer 67

Surgical lesion of globus pallidus, cures Parkinson's symptoms

Question 68

Thalamotomy

Answer 68

Surgical lesion of thalamus, treats Parkinson's tremors effectively

Question 69

Chorea

Answer 69

Involuntary irregular movement, constant during day

Question 70

Athetosis

Answer 70

Slow, writhing movements in the limbs

Question 71

Degeneration of basal ganglia

Answer 71

Related to huntington's, genetic mutation of short arm of chromosome 4

Question 72

Dysmetria

Answer 72

Unable to perform coordinated movement; e.g. Pointing to nose

Question 73

Ataxia

Answer 73

Lack of coordinated movement, difficulty walking, gait

Question 74

Brain tumour in children

Answer 74

Brain stem, cerebellum

Question 75

Brain tumour in adults

Answer 75

Cerebral cortex

Question 76

Glioma

Answer 76

Start inside brain, in glial cells, chemotherapy not effective due to barrier, malignant

Question 77

Meningioma

Answer 77

Arachnoid cells outside brain, benign, pushes down on brain

Question 78

Most common secondary brain tumours

Answer 78

Lung, colon, breast, skin(melanoma), kidney

Question 79

Arteries that branch from internal carotid artery

Answer 79

Anterior, middle

Question 80

Supply blood to thalamus

Answer 80

Posterior cerebral artery

Question 81

Supplies to medial temporal lobe

Answer 81

Middle cerebral artery

Question 82

Damage to thalamus

Answer 82

Messes up sensory input processing

Question 83

Romberg test

Answer 83

Test balance by standing with eyes closed