Midterm 1

Question 1

Axiom 2 states what?

Answer 1

If the explanation theory offers doesn’t match our experience, it’s bad theory

Question 2

We must refine our explanation to replace _______ (axiom 3)

Answer 2

Bad theory with good theory

Question 3

This term aims to answer the question “what is the nature of the object of study?”

Answer 3

-Ontology

Question 4

This term asks: How do we know what we know?

Answer 4

• Epistemology

Question 5

A theory of a theory is also called?

Answer 5

• Metatheory

Question 6

These theories look at what empirical factors influence communication and how

Answer 6

• Sociopsychological and cybernetic

Question 7

What is a theory?

Answer 7

• An attempt to solve a problem
• Providing lens to understand different issues/ frameworks
• Argument

Question 8

Carey, Craig, Natasia&Rakow were what kind of theorists?

Answer 8

• Metatheory

Question 9

Who was considered a historical theorist?

Answer 9

• Mattleart
• Peters
• Wisemann

Question 10

• Hovland, Bandura, and _________ were sociopsychologists

Answer 10

• Berger and Calabrese

Question 11

• the cybernetic theorists were who?

Answer 11

• Weiner
• Luhmann
• Watzlwick et al

Question 12

Axiom 1 states that theory is an attempt to explain what?

Answer 12

Our experience in the world (how ppl get things done, interpret events, interact)

Question 13

What theorist focused their attention on interpersonal communication?

Answer 13

• Watzlawick

Question 14

Who emphasized vicarious experience and mutual dependence between society and individuals?

Answer 14

• Bandura

Question 15

Who stressed the importance of interactions with ppl you’ve never met?

Answer 15

• Berger and Calabrese

Question 16

Who defined communication as the process whereby an individual (communicator) transmits stimuli (aka verbal symbols) to modify others’ behaviour?

Answer 16

• Hovland (Sociopsychological)

Question 17

Which theory emphasizes empirical research & exploration of individual experiences?

Answer 17

• Sociopsychological

Question 18

Berger and Calbrese focus on communication between strangers and focus on 3 stages of interaction. List them.

Answer 18

1. Entry (guided by norms)
2. Personal
3. Exit (plan subsequent interaction)

Question 19

Who defined communication as the process whereby an individual transmits stimuli to modify the behaviours of others?

Answer 19

Hovland.

• communication
• stimuli
• communicates (response)

Question 20

What did Bandra’s social cognitive theory stress?

Answer 20

• Humans are active, thinking machines.
• Vicarious learning
• social systems & us
• empirical research

Question 21

How does Wiseman’s comparison about metaphors in speech in Homer compare to today’s notion of thinking and speaking?

Answer 21

• Thumos was breath and phrenes were lungs- ppl thought throughout these and speaking was defined as breathing & thinking

Question 22

Who focused on spiritualist traditions?

Answer 22

• Peters

Question 23

Who thinks that communication as an identifiable field of study does not yet exist and it should turn into a field bc it’s theories are relevant to everyday life

Answer 23

• Craig

Question 24

What was Carey’s definition of communication?

Answer 24

” a symbolic process whereby reality is produced, maintained, and transformed”

Question 25

How do Nataisa and Rawkow view theory?

Answer 25

- As a map making or puzzle making/ solving process

Question 26

Luhmann criticizes what he calls the common understanding of communication aka Sui genesis. What is this approach?

Answer 26

- selection of information - selection of the utterance of info - selective understanding or misunderstanding of the utterance and its informstionX

Question 27

Who states that 'only communication can communicate?' & introduced autopoesis.

Answer 27

- Luhmann

Question 28

This approach conceptualizes communication as an information processing act

Answer 28

- Cybernetics

Question 29

What does Carey mean when he says "Communication is a symbolic process whereby reality is produced, maintained, repaired, & transformed

Answer 29

- Reality is brought into existence by the construction, apprehension, & utilization of symbolic forms - Repair= it needs to be repaired bc it constantly breaks down (ppl get lost physically and spiritually, experiments don't work out always) - Transformation= we must toss away authoritative representations about reality and begin to build the world anew

Question 30

Who said that "A commutation not only conveys information, but also imposes behaviour"? What are the two aspects of communication they propose?

Answer 30

- Watzlawick et al. - 'Report'- conveys info synonymous with content - 'Command'- what the message is taken as Ex: cake wrecks

Question 31

Who proposed that human comm is just like how machines comm with each other? What did they say communication was synonymous with?

Answer 31

- Wiener (coined 'cybernetics') - Communication= control - for example: pushing an elevator button = feedback and responses. You give an order to a machine and it responds, give an order to a person and they respond back to you as wlllll.