Midterm 1 Flashcards
(165 cards)
1
Q
What are Clyde Snow’s Questions on Forensics?
A
Are the remains Human? Is it one individual or a group When did Death occur How old was the individual? What is the sex of the individual? What is the ancestry of the individual? Are there any anomalies, or pathologies that allow positive identification? What is the cause of death? What is the manner of death? AKA was it MURDER!!!
2
Q
What is Anthroscopy?
A
Visual inspection of skeletal remains
3
Q
What is Osteometry?
A
Measurement of bones using standardized instruments.
4
Q
What is Chemical methods and what is it used for?
A
The study of chemical makeups of the bone that are affected by aspects such as diet, migration, and chronology.
DNA in the bone also extends into this field
5
Q
Histology is what?
A
The study of microscopic bone structure
6
Q
What is histology used for and what are the two common methods?
A
To differentiate between human and nonhuman material.
Osteon count and TCA count
7
Q
Between Decision tables and range charts, which would you use if the answer had to be binary? (AKA one or the other, no inbetween.)
A
A decision table. It only deals with binary issues
The textbook uses it to discuss old vs contemporary but another use would be between male and female.
8
Q
What is an index, and what can it imply?
A
A comparison between two measurements.
Can imply shape.
9
Q
What are two common indexes?
A
Nasal index and cranial index
10
Q
What is a discriminant function?
A
A type of multibariate statistical analysis where 2 or more variables are used to provide information to a data set.
11
Q
Give me an example of a discriminant function used in the text?
A
Through the measurement of the height of the chin, the height of the mandible at the back and the breadth at the back. A formula
F = 1.390a +2.304b + c
can be used to determine the sex of the individual. If the number reached is 287.43 or greater, the individual is male and vice versa for if the number is below 287.43
12
Q
What is regression?
A
The prediction of one value from one or another set of others.
13
Q
For a technique to be admissible in court, what criteria must it meet?
A
Daubert and Mohan criteria
14
Q
How many bones are in the human body?
A
> 200 bones with most of them being paired
15
Q
How many bones make up the head?
A
28, including 11 pairs
16
Q
How many bones make up the throat and what are they?
A
1
The Hyoid
17
Q
How many pairs of bones are in the abdominal skeleton and what is the total for paired and unpaired?
A
12 pairs
51 bones
18
Q
Are the bones in the shoulder paired or unpaired and how many are there?
A
They are all paired. Cause you know…you have two arms, if you’re not a freak.
64
19
Q
How many bones are in the pelvis and legs? Are they paired?
A
62 and yes they are all paired. Even Lt. Dan has paired numbers.
20
Q
In terms of plane orientation, what does sagittal mean?
A
Split right down the middle so that there is a right and left half
21
Q
If I were to cut you down the Coronal plane, how would you be split?
A
You would divide my body into a front half and a back half.
22
Q
Transverse plane divides your body into what sections?
A
A upper section and a lower section
23
Q
What does Medial mean?
A
Closer to the sagittal plane.
24
Q
What does Anterior mean?
A
Towards the front of the body.
25
What does Lateral mean?
Away from the Sagittal plane.
26
Is your head superior or inferior when it comes to body directions?
Superior as the it is higher up on the body.
27
What is proximal and distal used for?
Only for the short and long bones of the limbs.
28
What does proximal mean? Same for Distal
Closer to the root of the limb.
Further away from the root.
29
Which is more Mesial; the K9 or the second molar?
The K9 because it lies closer to the inter-incisive space. The molar is more distal.
30
Define the mouth in terms of body directions:
Buccal: Towards the cheek
Lingual: Towards the tongue.
31
Tooth time:
I'm eating a sweet chili heat dorito, what part of the tooth is the delicious chip touching (in terms of body direction)?
The occlusal area of the tooth as it deals the area towards the chewimg surface.
32
What direction moves towards the tip of the root of the tooth?
Appical
33
For the skull, thorax, and pelvis, what directions describe the inside and outside?
Endo(insert name of bone): means inside (EX: endocranial for the skull)
Ecto(insert name of bone) for the outside. Also called exo.
34
What are the directions of your hand?
Dorsal means top of my hand.
Palmer means the palm of my hand...get it.
35
What directions are on the foot?
Dorsal means top of foot
Plantar is the sole of your foot. Get it, like a plantar's wart...those things fuckin suck.
36
What are the two major parts of the skull?
The cranium and the mandible (or lower jaw)
37
What bones of the skull are paired?
The following are paired:
```
Nasal
Parietal
Temporal
3 Auditory ossicles
Maxila
Palatine
Zygomatic
inferior nasal conachae
lacrimal
```
38
Which bones of the skull are not paired?
```
The following:
Frontal
Occipital
Sphenoid
mandible
vomer
ethmoid
```
39
What is a suture and what is a landmark?
The point where bones join
named points or areas of the skull
40
What is the exposed surface of a tooth called?
The occlusal surface
41
What is the basic division of a tooth?
3 parts:
Crown
Neck
Root
42
Name the internal structures of the tooth.
Enamel: Outer surface of crown
Dentin: beneath enamel and in the root
Pulp cavity: The hollow centre of the tooth
Cementum: Covers the surface of the root
43
How is a tooth held in it's socket?
Held in its socket by soft tissue attachment. The peridontal ligament attaches to the cementum
44
What are the 4 tooth types?
Incisor
Canine
premolars
molars
45
If my mouth was split into quadrants, how many would be in each quadrant and how many of each type in total?
Incisor: 2 per quadrant, 8 total.
Canine: 1 per quadrant. 4 total.
Premolar: 2 per quadrant. 8 total
molar: 3 per quadrant. 12 total
46
How many teeth does the adult human possess?
32 (not including wisdom teeth, or maybe...I don't care)
47
How many tooth types do Juveniles have? Name them.
3
Incisor, canine, molar
48
How many incisors are there? Canines? molars? Total number of teeth in juveniles?
8
4
8
=20
49
Describe the incisors for me.
Single root
Chisel like edge
thinner in the mesio-distal direction than in bucco-lingual plane
50
Describe canine teeth.
Similar to incisor.
| Pointed cusp
51
Describe premolars and what is another name for them?
Paired roots
paired cusps
Bicuspids because if their paired nature
52
Describe molars.
2 or 3 roots
square or rectangular in shape
complex crowns with 4 upper and 5 lower cusps
53
What is the appendicular skeleton?
The limbs of the body (eg the arms and legs)
54
What is the axial skeleton?
The spine, rib cage, pelvic girdle, shoulder girdle
55
Where is the hyoid located?
In the neck. Important for strangulation (FUN FACT)
56
What bone is the necktie of the human body?
The sternum. It consists of two parts; the manubrium and the body when together appear to be a necktie.
57
What is the purpose of the sternum?
anterior anchor for the ribs and also allows the clavicle to articulate
58
How many cervical vertebrae are there? Thoracic? Lumbar?
7
12
5
59
What is another name for the C1 and C2 vertebrae?
```
C1 = Atlas
C2 = Axis
```
60
What makes the cervical vertebrae unique?
The transverse foramina
61
What makes the thoracic vertebrae unique?
facets on the body. The spine on the runs down the length.
The transverse process for articulation of the ribs
62
Lumbar vertebrae do not possess what?
Rib facets or transverse foramina
63
How many segments compose the Sacrum?
5 fused segments
64
Where does the coccyx lie and how many bones comprise it?
Base of sacrum
a variable amount
65
How many pairs of ribs are there?
12
66
What makes the first pair of ribs unique?
They are smaller and thicker
67
What joins the sternum to the scapula?
The clavicle
68
What allows articulation of the upper arm?
The scalpula
69
What are some important things to remember with the scapula?
Smooth surface towards thorax
humerus articulation is lateral
the superior portion has all the articulations and other protrusions.
The crest is posterior
70
What are the paired bones of the pelvis called?
Coxal bones or os coxae
71
What 3 bones make up a single coxal bone?
ilium, ischium and pubis
72
At what age range does the coxal bone form?
11-15 years old
73
What does Disphysis mean?
The shaft (heh heh) of the long bone (heh heh)
74
What does metaphysis mean?
The flared end of the shaft
75
What does the epiphysis mean?
The cap at the end of a bone
76
What is boundry between the metaphysis and the epiphysis called?
The growth plate
77
Where does bone growth occur?
In the growth plate
78
Where is the medullary cavity located?
At the centre of the diaphysis.
79
What is the exterior of a bone called? and what is made up of?
cortex or cortical bone
lamellae
80
Where will you find trabecular bone?
The epiphysis, the metaphyses, and the ends of the diaphysis
81
What are the two types of bone formation?
Intramembranous: membranes are replaced with bone
Endochondral: bone is laid down as a precursor for cartlage
82
What are the three primary joint types of the body?
synarthroses: joints that do not move (like sutures)
amphiarthroses: joints that have slight movability (movement between vertebrae)
disthroses: joints that move freely (any limb that can move genius)
83
Let's say you can't use shape to determine if it's human or not. What are the most common causes of misidentification?
Material is too fragmentary
small immature human bones may look like non human bones
large immature nonhuman bones are assumed to be human
84
What is a key immaturity when it comes to bones?
immature bones do not have the fusion of the epiphyses to the metaphysis or diaphysis
85
What makes the human skull unique when compared to animal skulls?
Humans have a large brain case and relatively small face
86
What animal paw looks pretty similar to a human hand? (all skin removed, just bones)
Bear Paw actually. Who knew?
87
What are the categories for if the material is recent?
Fresh
not fresh
dry
88
What does the colour of the bone represent and what is the normal colour for fresh bone?
Colour reflects the environment it was in
yellowish-white to ivory
89
What can the environment do to exposed bone?
Change it's colour but also cause pitting and flaking on the bone
90
What is the flaking of a bone surface called?
Friable
Often suggests considerable age
91
What can be a major indicator of recent origin if found on a body?
Dental work, like fillings.
Or surgical modifications, like hips
92
First thing you should do when you are starting the recovery process?
Grid the area
93
What is a datum point?
An unmovable spot on the landscape.
It must be UNMOVABLE, close and visible
94
Steps one must do for recovery.
- Remove vegetation
- Look for evidence of grave and soil mixture
- Look for changes in soil colour or texture
- locate grave outline, record, photograph, and map
- Dig by sample and screen all dirt for small samples
- keep recording
95
You find a specimen, what do you do?
Measure from datum point, the measure specimen.
96
What is Chain of Custody?
Clear evidence of who has had access to all finds so as to remove the potential for contamination of evidence or for tampering
97
What does PMI stand for?
post mortem interval
98
What three fields are key to the PMI?
Forensic anthropology/pathology
Forensic entomology
Forensic botany
99
What is taphonomy? And what is it based off of?
The study of processes that alter biological organisms after death
Taphos nomos, the laws of burial.
100
What plays key roles in making predicitions for time of death problematic?
temp/humidity
vegetation cover and soil acidity
animals
101
What is autolysis?
self digestion
destruction of cell through it's own enzymes
102
What is an obvious result of autolysis?
Skin slippage
The adhesion between the epidermis and the dermis
103
Autolysis leads to three terms, what are they?
Algor mortis: body temp cooling at death
Livor mortis: pooling of blood in lowest parts of body. Gravity pulls it down.
Rigor Mortis: stiffening of muscles through the chemical binding of muscle fibres.
104
How long does rigor mortis last?
12-36 hours after death but reaches its maximum at the 6-24 hour mark
105
What can accelerate and decelerate rigor mortis?
heat
Cold
106
Given a timeline, what happens at each stage (in terms of death):
0 hours
12 hours since death:
13-24 hours later
24 hours later
0 = death occurs, algo mortis begins
12 = algor mortis continues, liver mortis reaches maximum, rigor mortis begins.
13-24 = algo mortis finished depending on ambient temps, lividity is fixed, rigor mortis reachs maximum and may start to dissipate
24+ = algor mortis complete, lividity fixed, rigor mortis gone
107
What is putrefaction?
the breakdown of body by bacteria
108
What causes body bloating?
Hydrogen sulfide gas
109
What is marbling?
Bacteria invading the blood vessels causing the blackening effect
110
What is an adipocere?
an accumulation of hydrated body fats in a mass
111
Let's say you murdered a hooker, what's a couple things you can do to make sure the body is never found?
Do it in a hot/warm place. Decomposes quicker. Don't bury the body. It lessens the insect activity on the corpse. Don't submerge it in water.
112
What questions can only be answered after reconstruction?
Are the remains consistent with a single individual?
How much can be reconstructed? (Think like burned corpses)
What methods can be used to demonstrate relationship? (CHECK IF THERE ARE ANY REPETITIONS OF ANY ELEMENT
113
What can you use to ascertain that there is more than one individual?
Doubling of elements
Congruency: certain bones need to fit into their location
Any age difference in body parts
sex differences
ancestry (least reliable)
114
Ancestry is the most problematic core parameter. What are the two key issues affecting it?
Seperating individual features from ancestral features
Ancestry is difficult to define.
115
Why do we no longer use the term race?
It has no clear biological meaning
It has complicated emotional baggage
116
Okay Tumblr, what is the difference between sex and gender?
Sex: biologically defined
Gender: socially defined
(I prefer the pronoun Kle, and Klim)
117
Which sex is more robust in their skeleton?
Men, women are on average 80-95% the size of men in terms of skeletal robustness
118
How can you tell a woman is female by the pelvis?
The pelvis is wider with less angulations in the birth canal.
The distance between the sacrum and the acetabulum.
119
How can you tell a man is male by his pubis?
The pubis is narrow and the subpubic angle is acute. Also the large traingular obturator foramen.
120
Which is more accurate for sex determination? The skull or the pelvis?
Pelvis
121
Why is the skull less useful for sex determination?
Its based on size instead of actual sex/birth function.
122
Question time:
Let's say we have a specimen with no pelvis but still has a skull. The nuchal line is slightly prominent, the mastoid process is quite large, the supraorbital margin is blunt, the glabella is not very pronounced but still visible, and the mandible is fairly wide. Based on the information provided, is this a man or a woman?
Nuchal crest: woman = barely there, male = sharp
mastoid process: woman = small, male = large
supraorbital margin: woman = sharp, male = blunt
glabella: woman = less pronounced/barely visible, male = visible ridge
mandibleIf give eminence: woman = thin, male = large
Most likely a male.
123
What is the most problematic thing to determine?
Ancestry
124
Which factor is the most accurately determined when examining bones?
Sex
125
When determining the age of a skeleton, which age of development is the most accurate in terms of identification of age? Which is the least accurate?
Children
The least accurate is identifying someone over the age of 50
126
What is the mean, standard deviation, and range of:
25 +/- 5
Mean: 25
Standard deviation: 5
Range: 20-30
127
For 100 people, roughly how many people will fall into the first standard deviation? second? Third?
68
95
~0
128
What is the lowest limit for age determination and what determines it?
20 weeks old
The appearance of boney centers on the diaphysis
129
The most accurate assessment of age from long bone length is what age group of human?
Preterm infant
130
The appearance of fontanels suggests what?
It suggests very early childhood, however, 10-20% of adults have an open metopic suture
131
If your looking at a jaw, which is more accurate in terms of age identification? Tooth formation or tooth eruption?
Tooth formation
132
What are some issues with tooth eruption standards?
The sample size is small and mixed with males and females
The sample is primarily European
It is known that there are sex based differences in dental development.
133
What is the full sequence of epiphyseal fusion, in order?
Appearance of diaphyseal centres
appearance of primary epiphyses
appearance of secondary epiphyses
fusion of secondary epiphyses
fusion of primary epiphysis to metaphysis
134
At what age range does the primary epiphyses fuse?
14-24 years
135
what is a direct calculation?
A calculation taken from a complete skeleton.
136
What is an indirect calculation?
The use of regression of major bones
137
What is regression dependant on?
Sex and ancestry
It also declines with age (50 especially)
138
How much of your body length is your Humerus approximate?
20%
139
If I complete reassemble a skeleton and measure it's height, does this increase the accuracy of my measurement?
No, the human body has a built-in potential error
140
What are the 5 issues raised by using a regression equation to determine height?
1. The stature of the individual used to calculate regressions may be in error
2. Statures varies during the day, highest when you first get up, and least if you have been standing for long periods of time.
3. Secular trends result in people being taller today than those used in the sample
4. Self reported statures are sometimes used for the basis for calculation
5. There us potential error in the actual taking of long bone length measurements.
141
What is the most used approach when determining stature?
Long bone lengths (he he he)
142
If using the Trotter method of stature, how many bones are used to determine it?
Essentially any long bone
| But must have the Tibia
143
What is one major problem if trying to determine stature in our local population?
The amount of bone standards for First nations is too low and more are needed.
144
If you do not have any long bones, what are some other techniques you could use?
Metacarpals
Metatarsals
Elements of the vertebral column
145
What is the primary variable when determining stature?
Age. People shrink as they age.
146
What are the other two variables when determining stature?
Bone shrinkage
Differences between the real and reported stature.
147
What is the definition of cause of death?
Cause: An instrument or physical agent used to bring about death (like a bullet, trauma, or rope)
148
What is the mode of death and what is another name for it?
Mode (mechanism): the pathological agent in the
body that resulted in the death (excessive bleeding,
brain injury, asphyxiation)
149
what is the definition of manner of death?
The circumstances surrounding death. It can be natural, accident, homicide, and suicide, or unknown.
150
What can affect the skeleton?
Diseases
151
What are the 5 possibilities of manner of death described in the textbook?
```
Homicide
Suicide
Accident
Natural Death
Unknown
```
152
What is a fracture and what is an infracture?
Fracture: complete break of the bone
Infracture: an incomplete break
153
Describe premortem, postmortem, and perimortem.
Pre: before death
post: after death had occured
peri: at or near the time of death
154
What is a simple fracture?
a clean break with no skin penetration
155
If a simple fracture doesn't break the skin, what is a compound fracture?
Bones protrudes through the skin
156
What is a comminuted fracture?
The bone is broken into multiple fragments
157
What is a compressed fracture?
The bone shows sign of crushing. Remember that the inside of the bone contains a slightly spongy material
158
What is a depressed fracture and don't just say sad?
The broken bone is pressed inwards.
Often seen in the skull
159
What is an impacted fracture?
The broken ends of the bones are forced together
160
What fracture makes your asshole tighten up Ethan? Describe it.
Spiral fracture
The twisting of a bone
161
What is a greenstick fracture like? And who gets the most of it.
An incomplete break with a bent shaft, similar to a tree branch.
Most common in children with their soft supple bones.
162
What is a radiating line and a concentric line?
Radiating line: Extends outwards from the point of impact
Concentric: Are circular and surround the point of impact.
163
What is a pathological fracture?
A fracture caused by a disease
164
Stress fracture, what is it?
A fracture due to constant overuse.
165
What is fatigue fracture?
It is seen in bones with long term intermittent stress.
