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Sociology 20 Research Methods > Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Flashcards

(76 cards)

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1
Q

Writing Longhand produces what results

A

Better results

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2
Q

Epistemological Orientation

A

The beliefs about how research should be conducted and influence research. ex. scientific approach or more sensitive to social world
2 Types
- Postivist
- Interpretivist

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3
Q

Ontological Orientation

A

Considers the nature of social phenomena ex. is it inert and beyond our influence or are they a product of social interaction
2 types
- Objective
- Constructionist

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4
Q

Positivist

A

Advocates scientific method
Knowing something or not
Generate hypothesis that can be tested
-epistemological

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5
Q

Interpretivist

A

Social world can’t be treated the same as the natural world (it moves)
-epistemological

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6
Q

Realism / realist

A

The natural and social sciences can and should apply the same kinds of approach to the collections of data

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7
Q

Objectivist

A

Social Phenomena confront us as external facts that are beyond our reach or influence

ex. an organization that exerts pressure on its members
- Does not matter who you are, only environment
- Ontological

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8
Q

Constructionist

A

Social factors and their meaning are constantly being achieved by actors

  • Matters who you are
  • Ontological
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9
Q

Measurement Validity

A

Whether a measure that is devised of a concept reflects the concept being measured
Primarily quantitative (quantitative)
-face validity can be a part of it

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10
Q

Internal Validity

A

Causality, does A cause B

  • independent and dependent variable
  • How confident are we that it does
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11
Q

External Validity

A

Can the study be generalized beyond the specific research context

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12
Q

Ecological Validity

A

Does the study represent the real world

-stanley-trustgame

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13
Q

The money buys happiness study which measures how amount of money contributes to mental health only to a point in people has the strongest type of what kind of validity

A

Measurement validity

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14
Q

Quantitative research

A

typically numbers based

deductive-theory to confirmation

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15
Q

Qualitative research

A

typically observation or words based

inductive- observation to theory

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16
Q

Reliability

A

Can you get the same result multiple times

ex. how much variations were there in the telephone interviews and will we get the same answers in the evening

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17
Q

Replicability

A

Can someone else achieve this result

-different than reliability

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18
Q

Validity

A

Do findings mean what they say (4 types)

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19
Q

Face Validity

A

Intuitively, does it measure what it say it does ex. using gpa for intelligence

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20
Q

Concurrent Validity

A

Does it correlate with another measure in another study

-does absenteeism from work relate to job satisfaction?

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21
Q

Predictive Validity

A

Does it correctly predict some future event

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22
Q

Research Design

A 
Framework for the collection and analysis of data 
5 types
-experimental
-cross sectional 
-longitudinal 
-case study 
-comparative
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23
Q

Research Strategy

A

Your ideas about how theory and research and linked.

Your idea about what counts as knowledge (epistemological) and how things exist in the real world (ontological)

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24
Q

Research Method

A

The technique you use for collecting and analyzing data

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25
Experimental study
``` High control of setting manipulates independent variable(s) control and test groups always trumps other designs Strong: internal validity Weak: ecological validity and external validity ex amodio & devine study (research design) ```
26
Cross-sectional study
Multiple cases (because variation) at a single point in time and establishes quantifiable data -patterns of association -typically a survey Strong: External validity (generalizable) Weak: Internal Validity (research design)
27
Longitudinal study
When a sample is surveyed at least one extra time on a further occasion panel study- random selection with data collected and not necessarily associated with a group cohort study- data pulled from a cohort (group of people) randomly selected or otherwise multiple times needs to be the same group to be longitudinal Internal validity weaker, but time might improve this (research design)
28
Case Study
``` Detailed analysis of a single case -the case is the unit of analysis critical case-chosen to test theory extreme case-chosendue to atypicality revelatory case- a lucky opportunity to study something longitudinal case- can be studied over time ex case study of "genie" who was locked away until she was 13 -case study trumps longitudinal Strong: internal strongish: ecological weak: external (research design) ```
29
Comparative Study
``` two case studies or two cross sectional studies compared ex 2 hosptials, 2 individuals, 2 couples Strong: external validity Weak: internal validity (research design) ```
30
In the money buys happiness study, where emotional well being and evaluation of life were studied, what was the independent variable? and what were the results?
income was the independent variable Happiness increased to 75k and then leveled off evaluation of life went up has measurement validity
31
Unit of analysis
what is being studied ex. group, town, arrests
32
Main steps in quantitative research
(just remember there are 4-5) | theory, hypothesis, research design, analysis/conclusion
33
Likert Scale
Common technique in surveys about attitudes, perceptions, and behaviors - 5 to 7 point scale - must involve statements, statements related to some object, items should be interrelated, usually some reverse coded
34
Implicit prejudice in the white/black face response
participants responding faster or slower to negative or positive words following black faces trustworthiness scale: 1-9 scale on neutral male faces black and white
35
Criticisms of quantitative research
Fails to distinguish people/ social institutions form the world of nature The idea that the measurement process interpreted consistently by different people is flawed analyzing can become disconnected
36
Sample population
The universe of units from which a sample is selected
37
sample
the segement of the population selected for study
38
Sampling frame
what you will draw on to obtain the sample ex. list of all registered voters
39
two types of probability sampling
probability sampling and non probability sample
40
sampling bias and when does it happen
a sample that does not represent the population well--some members are more likely to be selected than others - non probability sampling method - sampling frame is inadequate - systematic non-response within sample
41
Simple random sampling
equal chance ex. hat drawing
42
systematic sampling
sampling frame -take every 3rd person (random)
43
stratified random sampling
equal chance, but first sorted into groups inclusion is random within criteria and you can set up proportions ex. every 5th republican (random)
44
multistage clustering sample
random at each level, but there are multiple levels -look for tree looking thing (random)
45
convenience sample
whoever you can get | non random
46
snowball sample
you start with one and add -when the population is not clear (non random)
47
Quota sample
you take what you can until you reach a quota | non random
48
Open questions vs closed questions
open- write in answer | closed- categories
49
principles of ordering
general to specific broader question followed by components demographic questions late -delicate and open questions should not be first
50
order bias
order of questions specificity will guide understanding of overall experience can put "overall experience" at the beginning so small details don't create bias
51
consistency in regards to order effects
1 person should have the same outlook over multiple questions ex. same political beliefs over multiple questions or environmentally friendly over multiple questions
52
contrast in regards to order effects
once more than one question is asked, the first effects the latter ex. more people favor civil unions after being asked about gay marriage
53
additive or positive in regards to order effects
when the answer to the second question goes up or the response is higher in response to the first
54
negative or subtractive in regards to order effects
when the second response goes down or decreases
55
Good and bad of open questions
Good: allows for respondents to answer (so unusual responses) No answer suggested Generates fixed answers Bad: time consuming can be unreliable to code more respondent effort variability in recording can compromise validity
56
Good and bad of closed questions
``` Good: easy to process answers easy to compare answers meaning of questions clarified less interviewer variability Bad: less spontaneity difficult to be exhaustive interpretation may be different ```
57
Presuppositions in question design
things that are assumed | ex. how often do you goto the movies? assumes you goto the movies
58
Question polarity in question design
a question can tilt it negatively | ex in the evening do you eat (any) sugar?
59
Social preference questions often work in some areas but others they dont
ex do you have sex with several different partners? | how many sexual partners do you currently have?
60
Agreement bias in question design example
To what extent do you think obama has done the best job he could have during 2010? more likely to agree To what extent do you think obama has done the worst job in history?
61
Interval/ratio variable
variable where the distances across the categories are identical ex. minutes
62
Ordinal variable
variables who's categories can be rank ordered, but the distances are not equal across the range ex 1-2 years 3-4 years 5-6 years 6+ years
63
Categorical or nominal variables
variables who's categories cannot be ranked | ex race and ethnicity
64
Dichotomous variables
variables containing data that only have 2 categories
65
What is univariate analysis and what is the most popular tool to visualize it?
the analysis of one variable at a time frequency table ex. number of teenagers that drink 83%
66
Interval data and measure of central tendency in univariate analysis
mean-average median-mid point mode-most frequent value
67
What is bivariate analysis
analysis of two variables at a time to uncover whether the two variables are related -relational
68
methods of bivariate analysis
``` scatter plot (correlation line from trending points) works well with interval data (shows correlation) contingency tables-work well with ordinal/dichotomous/categorical data ```
69
what is used as a confidence to see if an association is real?
p-value - probability by chance | p
70
what are statistical tests in variable analysis
tests assess probability that association between two variables is real which test depends on variable type -the relationship between ind. and depend. because we don't know causality
71
difference between association and causality
causality- Independent variable must actually lead to dependent variable association hypothesis- IV and DV are associated with each other -surveys aren't great at supporting causality
72
Structured observation
A method for systematically observing the behavior of individuals in terms of a schedule of categories advantage: behavior observed directly can be more valid disadvantage: more finite access to behavior
73
Incident observation
wait for something to happen and then observe what happens | strategy for systematic observation
74
Across time observation
across some period of time | ex. code for 20 minutes everything
75
At particular times observation
code every x seconds
76
What is an example of a threat to validity (guinea pig)
guinea pig effect aware of study so you create a better impression express socially preferred attitudes

Sociology 20 Research Methods (2 decks)

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