MIDTERM 1

Question 1

L1

Answer 1

first language

native language

Question 2

L2

Answer 2

language a person is learning

second language

Question 3

SLA

Answer 3

second language acquisition

Question 4

ESL

Answer 4

English as a second language

Question 5

ELL

Answer 5

English language learner

Question 6

TESOL

Answer 6

teaching English to speakers of other languages

Question 7

i + 1

Answer 7

comprehensible input

go one level above where they are at

Question 8

holophrastic sentence

Answer 8

use one word to mean a whole sentence

Question 9

communicative competence

Answer 9

ability to use language correctly in grammar and social situations

Question 10

affective filter

Answer 10

emotional factors affect language acquisition

screen stays low (high motivation and low anxiety)

Question 11

natural order hypothesis

Answer 11

acquisition of grammatical structure happens in a predictable order when acquisition is natural

Question 12

long-term intercultural empathy

Answer 12

teachers is supportive of students and serves as a resource

Question 13

traditional assessment methods

Answer 13

tests

Question 14

alternative assessment methods

Answer 14

portfolios, projects, interviews, presentations

Question 15

objective assessment

Answer 15

score by answer key (multiple choice)

Question 16

subjective

Answer 16

score by personal judgment (essay)

Question 17

criterion-referenced assessment

Answer 17

% of material learned

Question 18

norm-referenced assessment

Answer 18

grading on a large-scale curve

Question 19

summative assessment

Answer 19

determine if students achieve outcomes

Question 20

formative assessment

Answer 20

determine how to improve instruction (teacher)

Question 21

high-stakes testing

Answer 21

major life impact (ACT)

Question 22

low-stakes testing

Answer 22

minimal impact (class tests)

Question 23

critical period

Answer 23

grammar up to puberty (13)
sound up to 6-12 months
if you don’t learn language during this time, you won’t learn it at all, or wont learn it as well

Question 24

validity

Answer 24

educational decisions made on the basis of it are meaningful, appropriate, and useful
measures what it sets out to measure
grade/level appropriate

Question 25

reliability

Answer 25

free of error raters score assessment the same way factors like student fatigue and illness do not affect results

Question 26

practicality

Answer 26

the time and money costs of administering the assessment are reasonable

Question 27

equivalency

Answer 27

assessment is directly based on standards or course activities

Question 28

positive washback

Answer 28

real feedback supports modifications in future assessment and instruction

Question 29

negative washback

Answer 29

teaching to the test, cramming

Question 30

transparency

Answer 30

students know what is expected of them | rubrics/study guides/checklists

Question 31

authenticity

Answer 31

assessment tasks mirror real-world tasks

Question 32

security

Answer 32

assessment questions and answers do not become public domain

Question 33

native culture

Answer 33

your native country or area where you were born and brought up

Question 34

bicultural

Answer 34

having the cultural attitudes and customs of two nations, peoples, or ethnic groups

Question 35

target culture

Answer 35

the culture for which one revises source materials in the localization process

Question 36

Behaviorism

Answer 36

stimulus-response-reinforcement (reward) learning associated between stimulus and outcome Extrinsic & intrinsic reward

Question 37

Innatist Theory

Answer 37

Language Acquisition Device (pre-wired) | core grammar is different from peripheral grammar

Question 38

Social Interactionist Theory

Answer 38

nature and nurture adults model (imitation) scaffold pragmatics (social context)

Question 39

Cognitive Approach

Answer 39

learning from internal mental activity that organizes structures in brain (mental models) dynamic process of language learning

Question 40

Connectionism

Answer 40

processing of input is distributed and parallel | strength of connections is based on FREQUENCY of input

Question 41

Krashen's Monitor Theory

Answer 41

``` L2 acquisition requires subconscious acquisition and learning monitor in head (thinking about it) natural order hypothesis comprehensible input affective filter ```

Question 42

Grammar-- Translation

Answer 42

read--translate--learn vocab and grammar

Question 43

Direct method

Answer 43

immersion environment (target language only) little overt correction from teacher speak by speaking social interact & cognitive

Question 44

Audiolingual method

Answer 44

target lang. only structure important not meaning drills connectionism, behavior, cognitive

Question 45

Communicative Approach

Answer 45

meaning most important communicative competence (grammar and social) emphasis on production (speak and write) modeling, gentle error correction meaningful activities social interact, cognitive, monitor, behavior (intrinsic)

Question 46

levels of language

Answer 46

phonetics: sounds of language phonology: sounds work together morphology: word parts and how they work together semantics: word meaning syntax: words fit together intonation & stress: voices rise and fall to convey meaning pragmatic: use language orthography: spelling mechanics, structure, punctuation

Question 47

percentage ELL pop. has increased in NE in last decade

Answer 47

306%

Question 48

percentage of k-12 students in US who are ELLs

Answer 48

about 10%

Question 49

stages of first language acquisition

Answer 49

1. first sounds-- cry, coo, grunts 2. babbling 3. first words (holophrastic sentences) 4. two-word stage 5. telegraphic speech 6. infinity

Question 50

stages of second language acquisition

Answer 50

preproduction early production speech emergence intermediate fluency

Question 51

Victor

Answer 51

wild boy, tried to get boy to talk and make letters to make words, never successful except few words

Question 52

Genie

Answer 52

couldn't talk & animalistic movements tried to teach vocab & grammar never mastered sentences except few words

Question 53

difficulties bilingual language acquisition

Answer 53

refusal of child | conditioned to speech certain language with certain adults

Question 54

Culture

Answer 54

way people act, think, speak, believe, dress, make decisions what a group of people value, enjoy, protect, aspire how people think about others, themselves, government, school, world

Question 55

how a teacher's understanding of culture can affect teaching and learning

Answer 55

understand ELL native culture norms will better understand how they learn accommodate an ELL's culturally derived learning styles and strategies navigate between native and target culture (English part of identity) respect native culture

Question 56

create a safe classroom environment for ELLs

Answer 56

mutual respect teacher and students | sense of unity, welcoming, personable, routine, know students, motivate them, awareness of students

Question 57

place of assessment in instructional cycle

Answer 57

standards--> course objective--> pre-assessment--> lesson plan & teach--> assessment--> teaching modified

Question 58

placement

Answer 58

fit student into appropriate level of instruction

Question 59

progress

Answer 59

determine if student has mastered or has difficulty with course materials (one unit)

Question 60

diagnostic

Answer 60

identify student strengths and weaknesses

Question 61

achievement

Answer 61

provide info about student attainment of course outcome at end of course

Question 62

assessment cycle

Answer 62

plan--> develop assessment--> administrate assessment--> analysis--> feedback-->reflection-->