Midterm 1 Flashcards
(150 cards)
1
Q
The space that contains the eye, connective tissue, and fat
A
Orbit
2
Q
The orbital roof is composed of:
A
The frontal bone and the lesser wing of the sphenoid bone
3
Q
A raised area of bone on the anterior lateral wall of the orbit
A
Whitnall’s tubercle
4
Q
The medial wall of the orbit is composed of:
A
The frontal process of the maxilla, lacrimal bone, ethmoid bone, and a small portion of the lesser wing of the sphenoid
5
Q
The orbital floor is composed of:
A
Maxilla, zygomatic bone, orbital process of the palatine bone
6
Q
Layers of connective tissue within the orbit
A
Orbital fascia
7
Q
3 types of orbital fascia
A
Bulbar fascia, periosteum, and orbital septum
8
Q
A thin, dense, fibrous membrane that extends over the eyeball - stretches from the optic nerve entrance posteriorly to the margin of the cornea
A
Fascia bulbi (tenon’s capsule)
9
Q
The space between the episclera and Tenon’s capsule is called
A
Episcleral or tenon’s space or strands of loose connective tissue
10
Q
Outer to tenon’s capsule is
A
Orbital fat
11
Q
Posteriorly in the orbit, a muscle is ensheathed by its epimysium, but anteriorly it is ensheathed by the epimysium as well as by:
A
Tenon’s capsule
12
Q
Superior rectus fascia sends extensions to unite with the fascial extension from the ___________________________ muscle
A
Levator palpebrae superioris muscle
13
Q
The inferior rectus fascia becomes continuous with that of the
A
Inferior oblique
14
Q
A collagen hammock that helps hold the eye and orbital contents in place
A
Suspensory ligament of Lockwood
15
Q
All orbital striated muscles send off a __________ ligament that anchor them to the bones of the orbitals to other structures nearby
A
check ligament
16
Q
The check ligament and sheath of the levator palpebrae superioris is a derivative of
A
Tenon’s capsule
17
Q
The check ligament of the lateral rectus inserts to ________________ of the zygomatic bone
A
Whitnall’s tubercle
18
Q
The connective tissue coating of the orbital bones that arises from the dura mater of the optic nerve - which follows the optic nerve to the orbital canal
A
Periorbita
19
Q
At the orbital opening, some dura mater continues as the dura of intraorbital part of optic nerve. The rest of the dura mater splits away to become
A
Periorbita
20
Q
Bone attachments at sutures leave a mark on the ______________ when it is removed from bone
A
Periorbita
21
Q
Part of the connective tissue layer of eyelids formed when the Periorbita at the orbital margin runs vertically into the eyelids
A
Orbital septum
22
Q
The orbital septum ends on the aponeurosis of the _________________________________ in the upper lid and the tarsal plate in the lower lid
A
Levator palpebrae superioris
23
Q
Much of the tissue posterior to the orbital septum is
A
Orbital fat
24
Q
_________________ is divided into fat compartments by the extraocular rectus muscles and thin connective tissue layers
A
Orbital(retrobulbar) fat
25
Fat within the muscle cone (intraconal) is around the ___________ part of the optic nerve
Intraorbital
26
Fat outer to muscle cone (extraconal) is limited by the ____________
Periosteum
27
In intraorbital fat, there are thin partitions of fibrous connective tissue that serve these 3 functions:
Connect muscles to periosteum
Divide fat into lobules
Support vessels and nerves
28
Bones of the face and orbit are derived from _________________________ cells that migrate and then change into __________________
Ectodermal neural crest cells
Mesenchyme
29
The size of the developing orbit is determined by the optic cup of the early eyeball, which is derived from
Neural tube ectoderm
30
The ______________________ of the orbit are the last part of the orbit to develop
Bony walls
31
The ________ develops first, then choroid, sclera, then muscles and finally orbital bony walls, in an in-to-out sequence
Retina
32
Bony parts of the orbit have __________________ development except for the endochondral parts (the sphenoid body, lesser wing and greater wing of the sphenoid bone and the ethmoidal plate
Intramembranous
33
A child does not develop all his cranial capacity until about _______ years old, so skull sutures close tightly around this time, as bone contacts bone
5-7
34
Abnormalities of cranial or facial bones are often due to premature closure of
Sutures
35
The most common type of premature closing of sutures - _____________, scaphocephaly causes no brain damage
Sagital suture
36
Supportive structures that surround the eye, but not the eye itself
Ocular adnexa
37
Of the six muscles that move the eye, four are __________ muscles and the other two are ___________ muscles
Rectus;oblique
38
Rectus muscles originate from the __________________________ at the apex of orbit, which surrounds the optic foramen and the wide part of the superior ophthalmic fissure
Annulus of Zinn
39
________________________ runs forwards underneath levator in the superior orbit - elevates and intorts
Superior rectus
40
____________________ runs forwards along the orbital floor - depresses and extorts the eye
Inferior rectus
41
___________________ runs forwards along the lateral orbital wall - acts to abduct the eye
Lateral rectus
42
The ________________________ is a boney protrusion of the greater wing of the sphenoid bone that often projects across the SOF - anchors the portion of the annulus of Zinn that gives rise to LR
Spina recti lateralis
43
_____________________ runs forward along the medial orbital wall -acts to adduct the wall, strongest extraocular muscle/shortest recti
Medial rectus
44
__________________ originates from the sphenoid bone just superomedially to the optic foramen - NOT PART OF THE ANNULUS OF ZINN
Superior oblique
45
The _____________ tendon is the longest tendon of all EOMs
SO
46
______________________ originates from the maxilla near the lacrimal sac and runs laterally between the inferior rectus and orbital floor/shortest tendon of insertion
Inferior oblique
47
Originates from the lesser wing of the sphenoid bone, superior to the annulus of zinn, runs forwards along the orbital roof until sending out its aponeuroses to insert in the dermis of the upper eyelid
Levator palpebrae superioris
48
Recti insert in the anterior hemisphere of the eye at an average of _______ mm from the corneal margin
6.65
49
The ___________________ is most anterior, inserting only 5.5 mm from the cornea
Medial rectus
50
Obliques insert in the _____________ hemisphere of the eye
Posterior
51
The SO inserts to the __________________ quadrant
Superolateral
52
The IO inserts to the __________________ quadrant, which is near the fovea centralis
Inferolateral
53
Both obliques insert near the two temporal _______ veins
Vortex
54
All 7 muscles receive muscular branches of _______________ artery
Ophthalmic
55
LR also receives a muscular branch of ___________ artery
Lacrimal
56
Muscular branches of infraorbital artery supply _______ and ________ and continue on to the lacrimal sac
IO and IR
57
From the tendons of recti muscles, muscular arteries emerge as _______________________ arteries
Anterior ciliary
58
Two arteries per muscle, except for LR(only has one) for a total of _______ anterior ciliary arteries
7
59
Bilateral condensation of mesodermal mesenchyme is the first sign of muscle development in each orbit. These cells become ___________
Myoblasts
60
Extraocular muscles arise form the paraxial, ________________________
Mesodermal somites
61
The tendons of the primordial EOMs insert into the _______
Sclera
62
The _______ is the last muscle to appear, since at first, it is not distinct from SR
LPS
63
Late development of extrinsic eye movement is mostly __________________ development
Postnatal
64
Muscles mature along with _______________ and its projection to brain
Fovea centralis
65
releases factors to induce ectoderm to invaginate into embryo
notochord
66
embryologic connective tissue that hold embryo together
mesenchyme
67
The Branches of the ___________ carotid artery are responsible for most of the superficial blood supply to the neck, face, and head
External
68
The first branch, the ____________________ artery, originates in the carotid triangle and descends into muscular triangle toward the thyroid gland
Superior thyroid
69
The smallest branch of the external carotid, the only artery that travels medially upon branching off
Ascending pharyngeal
70
The only descending branch of external carotid
Superior Thyroid artery
71
Mainly supplies the pharynx with blood, but also sends a tympanic branch into the tympanic canaliculus with tympanic plexus of cranial nerve 10
Ascending pharyngeal artery
72
The ____________ artery arises in the carotid triangle opposite to the tip of the hyoid bone - makes and upward bend then runs deep in the tongue muscles
Lingual artery
73
The ________ artery arises deep to the posterior belly of the digastrics muscle, ascends over the inferior /external border of the mandible, travels to cheek, and then to medial angle of eyelid
Facial
74
Superior to the branching of the lateral nasal artery, the facial artery is known as the _________ artery, because it supplies the medial palpebral angle
Angular
75
Comes off common carotid artery - comes off of the brachiocephalic trunk on the right side, and the aortic branch on the left side - goes internally to brain
Internal carotid artery
76
Both common carotids travel from neck root to level of superior edge of thyroid cartilage, where they branch into __________ and __________ carotids
Internal and external
77
Have receptors that measure blood pressure and chemistry to make sure it gets to the brain and that its getting what it needs
Carotid sinus and body
78
Formed from the dermal attachment of the LPS aponeurosis
Superior palpebral sulcus
79
The superior palpebral sulcus divides the upper eyelid into what two regions?
Tarsal and orbital
80
Caused by indirect attachments of inferior rectus to the lower eyelid dermis
Inferior palpebral sulcus
81
Fold of skin that can occur in some people and commonly in some congenital syndromes that runs down the medial canthus due to structure of the underlying orbicularis oculi
Epicanthal fold
82
The eyelids can be divided laterally into
Ciliary and lacrimal parts
83
Most of the eyelid is the _________ part, that contains the eyelashes
Ciliary
84
The lacrimal parts of the lids are the most _________ portion. Lacrimal drainage is found here
Medial
85
The thick, fibrous skeleton of the eyelid
Tarsal plate
86
The conjunctiva is _____ in color
Red
87
The upper tarsal plate is much ___________ than the lower tarsal plate
Larger
88
The ____________ glands are visible upon eyelid eversion as vertical yellow lines
Tarsal (meibomian) glands
89
At the posterior edge of the tarsal gland duct openings is the _______________ junction
Mucocutaneous
90
The skin layer of the eyelid is enitrely ___________
Epidermis
91
The subcutaneous areolar tissue is unique, compared to most skin areas, for having no ______
Fat
92
Connective tissue just anterior to the orbicularis oculi muscle
Subcutaneous areolar tissue
93
The striated muscle in the eyelid is made of the ____________________ muscle
Orbicularis oculi
94
The pretarsal and preseptal zones of the eyelid
Submuscular areolar (loose) tissue
95
___________ layer is composed of the tarsal plate and orbital septum
Fibrous
96
Tarsal plates are ________anteriorly and _________ posteriorly
Convex;concave
97
In the upper eyelid, the orbital border is the insertion for the smooth ___________________________
Muscle of muller
98
In the lower eyelid, the orbital septum and lower muscle of muller both insert to the
Tarsal plate
99
Together, the upper tarsal plate and muscle of muller are known as the
Superior tarsal muscle
100
The lower muscle of muller originates from the fascial sheath of the ________________ muscle
Inferior rectus
101
What originates from the orbital margin as an extension of periorbita?
Orbital septum
102
The __________________separates anterior layers of lids from orbital structures, such as orbital fat
Septum
103
The upper septum terminates on the most superiorly placed levator collagen fibers, while lower septum is continuous with _______________
Lower tarsus
104
Medially, the tarsi merge to form the medial palpebral ligament, which attaches to the __________
Maxilla
105
Laterally, the tarsi merge to form the lateral palpebral ligament, which attaches to _________________
Whitnall's tubercle
106
Which muscle raises the upper eyelid
Levator palpebrae superioris
107
What is the origin of the levator palpebrae superioris?
The orbital apex from the lesser wing of the sphenoid
108
The lateral horn of levator aponeurosis indents the lacrimal gland and attaches to ____________________
Whitnall's tubercle
109
Medial horn merges with the _________________________ ligament
Medial palpebral
110
Centrally, the levator aponeurosis inserts to the upper lid dermis and to anterior surface of __________________
Upper tarsus
111
_____________________________ of upper lid is a sympathetically-controlled smooth muscle and helps the levator raise the upper eyelid
Muscle of muller
112
the muscles of facial expression
Orbicularis oculi
113
The portion of the orbicularis oculi in the eyelids is called the
Palpebral part
114
The part of the orbicularis oculi not in the lids, but surrounds the orbital margin on the lower forehead, in the eyebrows, on the temple, and on the cheeks
Orbital portion
115
Most of the muscle fibers of the orbicularis oculi origniate from the
Medial palpebral ligament
116
The bony origin of some of the muscle fibers is the
Medial orbital margin
117
The main palpebral portions are
Preseptal and pretarsal
118
The lacrimal part of the orbicularis oculi is called the
Horners muscle
119
Muscle of ________ is in the eyelid margin , and is a part of the orbicularis oculi, as well as an extension of the horners muscle - functions to keep the lid margin tightly apposed to the globe
riolan
120
____________glands are embedded inside entire height of tarsus - the duct opens into the skin of the eyelid margin
Tarsal or meibomian
121
Tarsal or meibomian glands are similar to other __________ glands of the body, but the tarsal glands have many more lobules or ________, which are much larger than normal
Sebaceous; acini
122
Tarsal glands have a distinct duct, and no connection to any ______________
Hair follicle
123
What kind of cells are at the edge of the acini?
Germinal
124
Tarsal glands secrete __________ that serves as lubricant between the eyelid and the cornea, serving as the oily top surface layer of the precorneal tear film
Sebum or meibum
125
The secretion of sebum slows down ______________ of the middle, watery, tear layer
Evaporation
126
The Sebaceous glands that release sebum to keep the lashes flexible and lubricate the skin of the eyelid margin
Glands of zeis
127
Apocrine glands in the eyelid margin where they have developed from the lash follicles with an unknown function
Glands of moll
128
The apocrine glands of moll may end on a ______ gland duct, or on the surface of the skin near a cilia
Zeis
129
What are the first indiactions of lids?
The upper and lower lid folds
130
Lid fold is lines externally and internally by ____________ and has a core of mesenchyme
Ectoderm
131
The epidermis, conjuctal epithelium , glands of moll, zeiss, meibomian, wolfring all derive from
Surface ectoderm
132
All connective tissue such as tarsus and septum, muscle of muller, vascular smooth muscle, melanocytes, sensory nerves, and post ganglionics nerves derive from the
Neural crest ectoderm
133
Gland of moll is blocked and fills with fluid
Cyst of moll
134
Gland of zeiss is blockes - causes a white spot on the surface near cilia
External hordeolum
135
Meibomian gland blocked - lid could swell, could cause cellulitis
Internal hordeolum
136
5 layers of SCALP
Skin, connective tissue, aponeurosis, loose connective tissue, periosteum
137
Feigning interest muscle - allows you to lift your eyebrows
Frontalis muscle
138
The ____________ forms a sac that lines the anterior sclera and inner(posterior) surface of the lid
Conjunctiva
139
_______________ conjunctiva lines the inner surface of the eyelid
Palpebral conjunctiva
140
____________conjunctiva is on the eyelid margin
Marginal
141
_____________ conjunctiva is posterior to the tarsal plate
Tarsal
142
__________ conjuntiva is between the tarsal conjunctiva and fornix conjunctiva
Orbital
143
Where the palpebral conjunctiva bends to become the bulbar conjunctiva
Fornix conjunctiva
144
____________conjunctiva covers the eyeball
Bulbar
145
_________bulbar is over the sclera
Scleral
146
___________ bulbar is near the corneal margin at corneo-scleral junction or limbus
Limbal
147
Skin epidermis of the eyelid stops at the ______________________ junction at the posterioredges of tarsal gland openings
Mucocutaneous
148
After about 2 mm, the marginal epithelium thins down at the subtarsal sulcus to go from stratified squamous nonkeratinized marginal conjunctival epithelium to become __________ epithelium
Tarsal
149
The __________ sulcus captures large objects such as shed eyelashes
Subtarsal
150
__________ cells often occur in the marginal palpebral conjunctiva
Goblet q
