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Biology 131 > Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Anatomy definition

A

is a scientific discipline that investigates the body’s structures and the relationship among them

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2
Q

Physiology definition

A

is a scientific investigation of the process or functions of living things (how the body parts work)

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3
Q

Regional Anatomy definition

A

studies all structures in a particular area of the body

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4
Q

System anatomy definition

A

studies just one system (ex cardiovascular, nervous, muscular etc.)

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5
Q

surface anatomy definition

A

studies internal structures as they relate to overlying skin (visible muscle masses or veins seen on surface)

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6
Q

Cytology definition

A

microscope study of cells

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7
Q

Histology definition

A

microscope study of tissues

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8
Q

Embryology definition

A

the study of development before birth.

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9
Q

palpate definition

A

is to examine by touch

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10
Q

auscultate definition

A

is the act of listening to sounds that arise within the body e. listen to the heart or lungs through the stethoscope.

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11
Q

Pathology definition

A

is the structural and functional changes caused by disease.

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12
Q

What are the body organ systems?

A

There are 11:

  • integumentary
  • skeletal
  • Muscular
  • nervous
  • Endocrine
  • Cardiovascular
  • Lymphatic/Immunity
  • respiratory
  • digestive
  • urinary
  • reproductive
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13
Q

What are the levels of structural and functional organization?

A
  • chemical level
  • cellular level
  • tissue level
  • organ level
  • organ system level
  • organismal level
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14
Q

integumentary system definition

A

forms the external body covering and protects deeper tissues from getting injured.

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15
Q

Skeletal system definition

A

Protects and supports body organs, and provides a framework the muscles use to cause movement.

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16
Q

Muscular system definition

A

allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion and facial expression. Maintains posture, and produces heat.

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17
Q

Lymphatic system definition

A

picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to the blood. Disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream. Houses whit blood cells (lymphocytes) involved in immunity. The immune response attacks agains foreign substances within the body..

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18
Q

Respiratory System definition

A

keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide. The gaseous exchange occurs through the walls of the air sacs of the lungs.

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19
Q

Digestive System definition

A

Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells. Ingestible foodstuffs are eliminated as feces.

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20
Q

Nervous system defintion

A

as the fast acting control system of the body, it responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands

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21
Q

Endocrine system defintion

A

glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells.

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22
Q

Cardiovascular System Definition

A

Blood vessels transport blood, which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, etc. The heart pumps blood.

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23
Q

Urinary System definiton

A

Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body. Regulates water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance of the blood.

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24
Q

Male and female reproductive system defintion

A

overall function is the production of offspring. Testes produce sperm and male sex hormone, and male ducts and glands aid in delivery of sperm to the female reproductive tract. Ovaries produce eggs and the female sex hormones. The remaining female structures serve as sites for fertilization and development of the fetus. Mammary glands of female breasts produce milk to nourish the newborn.

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25
What are the essential characteristics of life?
Maintaining boundaries: separation between internal and external environments. Movement: of body parts Responsiveness: ability to sense an respond to stimuli Digestiveness: Breakdown of ingested foodstuff, followed by absorption of simple molecules into blood. Metabolism: all chemical reactions of the body. -sum of catabolism (breakdown of molecules) and anabolism (synthesis of molecules) Excretion: removal of wastes from metabolism and digestion. Reproduction: - at cellular level: division of cells for growth or repair. - at a organismal level: production of offspring. Growth: increase in size of a cell, body part, or of organism. Organization: condition in which parts of the organism have specific relationships to each other and parts interact to preform specific functions.
26
What are the factors that are required for maintenance of life?
Nutrients, oxygen, water,normal body temperature, and appropriate atmospheric pressure
27
Homeostasis definition
is the existence and maintenance of a relatively constant environment within the body despite continuous changes in the environment.
28
Components of a feedback system example
1) Compellable regulatory Mechanism: sensor that monitors the value of some variable (blood, sugar, body temp... etc) Ex. think of thermostat in the house 2) Receptor: think "thermometer" 3) Control Center: receives info about the variable from receptor, establishes a set point, controls effector. Ex. think thermostat (dial on the thermostat establishes the set point or desired valve of variable) ---> temperature 4) Effector: receives output from control center, responds to change value of variable. Ex. air conditioner (summer) furnace (winter)
29
What are disturbances of homeostasis?
- increases risk of disease - contributes to changes associated with aging - control systems become less efficient. ex. elders often get hypothermic. - if negative feedback mechanisms become overwhelmed, destructive positive feedback mechanisms may take over. Ex. some forms of heart failure (more later)
30
standard anatomical postion definition
body erect, face forward, feet slightly apart, palms face forward with thumbs pointing away from the body.
31
supine position
lying face upward
32
prone position
lying face downward
33
What are the 2 major divisions of the body?
Axial - head, neck and trunk | Appendicular - limbs (legs and arms)
34
What is the dorsal body cavity and its 2 subdivisons?
It protects the fragile nervous system, and its 2 subdivisions are the cranial (Encases the brain) cavity and the vertebral (encases the spinal cord) cavity. *see photo on page 17*
35
Ionic bond definition
atoms exchange electrons
36
covalent bond definition
2 or more atoms share electron pairs.
37
Ion
an atom loses or gains electrons and becomes charged - cation: + charged ion - Anion: - charged ion they attract each other
38
isotopes definition
2 or more forms of the same element with the same number of protons and electrons but different neutron number. For example the 3 types of hydrogen.
39
how do you figure out the mass number?
number of protons and the number of neutrons.
40
radio isotopes
are isotopes that decompose to more stable forms -- atom loses various subatomic particles. -Radioactivity can damage living tissues for example it can be used to destroy cancer cells along with some types that cause cancer.
41
molecule
general term for 2 or more atoms to form molecules and compunds
42
compound
specific molecule that has 2 or more f=different kinds of atoms bonded together
43
covalent bonding
atoms share one or more pairs of electrons, they can be either polar or non polar.
44
polar covalent
electrons are not shared equally because one nucleus attracts electrons more than the other does.
45
Non-polar covalent
Electrons shared equally because the nuclei attracts electrons equally.
46
what are the properties and functions of water?
- high specific heat - protection of body structures - participates in chemical reactions - serves as a mixing medium - high surface tension
47
solubility
ability of one substance to dissolve into another ex. sugar dissolving into water.
48
concentration
measure of number of particles of solute per volume of solution.
49
Electrolytes
are chemical substances (salts,acids,bases) that ionize and dissociate in water and are capable of conducting and electrical current.
50
acids
are proton donors, they release hydrogen ions in a solution.
51
Bases
are proton acceptors that accept a hydrogen in a solution
52
The pH scale
Refers to the hydrogen concentration in a solution. - neutral is a pH of 7 - acidic is a pH lower than 7 - basic is a pH higher than 7 - the pH of blood is 7.4
53
buffers
regulate the pH by resisting abrupt and large swings in pH.
54
mixture
= 2 or more components that are physically but not chemically combined.
55
What are the 3 basic types of mixtures?
Solution - ex. mineral water Colloid - solute particles that are larger than in a solution and scatter light; do not settle out. example jello Suspensions - solute particles are very large, settle out, and may scatter light. Example. blood and its layers, red blood cells and plasma seperated.
56
synthesis reaction: anabolism
2 or more reactants chemically combine to form a new, larger product. - A+B--->AB
57
decomposition reaction: Catabolism
a large reactant is broken down to form smaller products. | - AB---->A+B
58
organic chemistry
concerned w/ molecules containing carbon. | ex. carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acid.
59
Carbohydrate
are composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen. function: energy source, storage structure, dietary fiber cellulose. monosaccharides: one single sugar glucose disaccharides: 2 sugars bound together (ex. sucrose) polysaccharides: many linked sugars. ex. starch in plants and glycogen in in animas; cellulose)
60
Lipids
composed of mostly carbon, hydrogen, oxygen. | ex. triglycerides (fats), phospholipids, anabolic steroids.
61
what are the 2 types of fatty acids?
Saturated: contains all single bonds in carbon chain ---> more of a ridged structure. Unsaturated: contains one (mono) or more (poly) soluble bonds in a carbon chain ---> more relaxed structure (better because it doesnt stick to the inside of the blood vessel. Trans fats: unsaturated fats that are artificially altred to be more saturated ( fats with the highest risk of heart disease)
62
what are the structural levels of proteins?
primary, secondary tertiary and quaternary.
63
plasma membrane charges (production of electrochemical gradient)
the outside of the membrane is slightly positive compared to the inside due to the gathering ions along the outside and inside
64
What are the 2 types of membrane protiens and what are their main functions?
integral and peripheral allow cell commuication with the environment
65
how do substances cross the plasma membrane?
passive proceses - no energy required | active processes - energy (atp) required

Biology 131 (1 decks)

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