Midterm 1 Flashcards
1
Q
Define: Intellectual disability
A
Immature reaction to environmental stimuli and below average social and academic performance
2
Q
When is the “developmental period”?
A
Time between conception and 18th birthday
3
Q
What is the new name for the American Association of Mental Retardation?
A
American Association of Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities
4
Q
What are adaptive skills?
A
Conceptual, social and practical skills that people have learned so that they can function in their everyday lives
5
Q
What percentage of people estimated to have an intellectual disability have a mild intellectual disability?
A
75%
6
Q
What increases the risk of having a child with down syndrome?
A
The older a mother is when she gives birth, the higher the risk of having a child with down syndrome.
7
Q
Abnormality resulting from maternal ingestion of alcohol during pregnancy is called:
A
Fetal alcohol syndrome
8
Q
What are some physical features of fetal alcohol syndrome?
A
- Upturned nose
- Thin upper lip
- Smooth philtrum
- Flat nasal bridge
9
Q
List several primary disabilities associated with Fetal Alcohol Syndrome:
A
- Impulsive actions
- Money and time problems
- Slow thinker
- Resistant to change
- Poor judgement
- Poor memory
10
Q
List several secondary disabilities associated with Fetal Alcohol Syndrome:
A
- Poor social relationships
- Mental health issues
- Irritability/ fatigue
- Anger, aggressiveness
- Self-Destructive
11
Q
Define: Metal-cognition
A
Awareness of strategies needed to perform task and ability to self-regulate
12
Q
List the types of Neurodevelopmental disorders:
A
- Autism spectrum disorders
- Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
- Learning disabilities
- Intellectual developmental disorders
13
Q
Define: Sensitive period
A
Period of time that is optimal for development of particular capacity
14
Q
Define: Critical Period
A
Limited time span during which children are biologically prepared to display adaptive pattern of development
15
Q
Define: Plasticity
A
Brain’s ability to change
16
Q
What are the different aspects of a diagnoses?
A
- Severity
- Duration
- Pervasiveness
- Degree of impairment
17
Q
List 4 types of attachment patterns:
A
- Secure
- Avoidant
- Anxious
- Disorganized
18
Q
Discuss reactive attachment disorder:
A
- Inadequate caregiving
- neglect
- emotionally withdrawn
19
Q
Discuss disinhibited social engagement disorder:
A
- Child willing to accept strangers who are not attachment figures.
20
Q
What is the theory of the mind?
A
Study of one’s ability to understand one’s own or another person’s mental state, perspective taking, empathy
21
Q
_____ shift focus from family to peers.
A
Adolescents
22
Q
List three processes of the social brain:
A
- Neocortical areas process sensory information
- Sensory systems help us predict others’ behaviour based on physical movements.
- Higher cortical areas let us construct an inner model of our social world.
23
Q
What is an autism spectrum disorder characterized by?
A
Characterized by:
- difficulty in social interactions
- communication
- stereotypical and or repetitive behaviours
24
Q
At what age do symptoms of Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) emerge?
A
8-12 months
25
What are some features of conduct disorder (CD)?
- Actively violate the rights of others and the rules of society
- behaviour gets more violent/destructive as they age
- Can include physical fights, destroying property, breaking laws
- show a lack of connectedness
26
What is Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD)?
- Children show anger and defiance but do not act violently towards others or destroy property.
27
______ adjustment is a big factor of wellbeing.
Psychological
28
What are four actions that benefit one's health?
- Sleep
- Exercise
- Eat well
- Spend time with friends
29
Define: Cohesion
Emotional closeness felt toward family members (don't want to be too close as this may cause separation anxiety)
30
Define: Flexibility
Ability to change and adapt
31
Define: Communication
sharing information, ideas, and feelings
32
How to take a professional approach with families:
- Empathize
- Value individuals, and diversity
- Communicate regularly
- Consider family situation
- Invite family participation
33
What is family conferencing?
A process of collaborative planning in situations where decisions need to be made for children or youth.
34
What is full inclusion?
Student w/E being places in neighbourhood schools, and in general classrooms
35
Arguments in favour of full inclusion:
- Labelling is harmful to people
- Separate education has not been shown to be effective
- Students w/E should be viewed as a minority group
- Ethics are more important than empirical evidence
- Fosters awareness, exposure, and acceptance
36
Arguments against full inclusion:
- Teachers are spread thin trying to reach students w/E at the same time as the other children
- Not relying on scientific evidence is irresponsible
37
Define: Modifications
Any kind of change
38
Define: Accomodations
Making some kind of change that does not impact the difficulty (level remains the same)
39
Define: Adaptations
Some modification that results in a less difficult material. Changes in content.
40
List the best practices of inclusion:
- Research based
- Family centred
- Bias free
- Transdisciplinary approach
41
Define: Culture
broad term reflects wide range of beliefs, practices and attitudes
42
List 5 Elements of culture:
1. values and typical behaviour
2. language or dialects
3. nonverbal communication
4. awareness of one's cultural identity
5. world views or general perspectives
43
Define: Subculture
A group that has beliefs and behaviours that are different from the main groups within a culture or society
44
Define: Socialization
The process by which people acquire the beliefs, values and behaviours considered desirable or appropriate by the society (or group) to which they belong
45
Define: Behavioural genetics
scientific study of how genotype interacts with environment to determine attributes
46
Define: Heritability
amount of variability in a trait that is attributable to hereditary factors
47
Define: Non-shared environment
Influences that people living together do not share, should make individuals different from each other
48
Define: Shared environment
influences that people living together share that should make individuals similar to each other
49
Define: Canalization
cases where genes limit development to a small number of outcomes
50
A prevailing philosophy in education concerns the ability to make personal choices,, regulate one’s own life and be a self-advocate. This concept is termed:
Self determination
51
A method of instruction in which the curriculum is delivered mainly in english at a level commensurate with need is referred to as:
a. Native Canadian emphasis
b. Protected english emphasis
c. Person centered approach
d. Sheltered english approach
d. Sheltered english approach
52
Two dimensions of behaviour disorder are:
a. internalizing and externalizing
b. withdrawal and disinterest
c. exterior and interior
d. hostility and aggression
a. internalizing and externalizing
53
According to the authors of the text, multicultural special education has two primary objectives:
a. ensuring that ethnicity is not mistaken for exceptionality
b. increasing visibility of people with exceptionality in the macro-culture
c. lobbying for services
d. increasing understanding of exceptionality as a micro culture.
a. ensuring that ethnicity is not mistaken for exceptionality
d. increasing understanding of exceptionality as a micro-culture
54
What are the arguments of those in favour of full inclusion?
- The concept of full inclusion involves immersing students with exceptionalities into a general classroom. There are many arguments to support full inclusion. One argument to support it has to do with labelling being perceived as harmful. Labelling can be harmful because the person with the exceptionality may be mislabelled, and may internalize the label, which may negatively affect self perception. A second argument is that full inclusion fosters collaborative learning which fosters understanding and interpersonal skills for working with a diverse group of people. Full inclusion may also help to build tolerance to accept people who are different. People with an exceptionality should be viewed as any other minority group whose difficulties become a problem for the rest of society which can foster discrimination and prejudice- and segregation could increase. The evidence to conclusively support special education is not fully developed therefore morals should dictate rather than specific evidence. Thus, a number of arguments can be used to support full inclusion.
55
Define: Conduct disorder
A disorder characterized by overt, aggressive, disruptive behaviour or covert antisocial acts, such as stealing, lying, and fire setting
56
What are the four components of assessing ADHD?
- medical examination
- Clinical interview
- Teacher and parent rating scales
- Behavioural observations
57
It is estimated that 3-5% of school age children have which disorder?
ADHD
58
In terms of ADHD; _____ outnumber ______ as much as 5 to 1
boys; girls
59
When a child suffers from ADHD, what areas of the brain are affected?
- Frontal lobes
- Basal ganglia
- Cerebellum
60
Which neurotransmitters are involved with ADHD?
- Dopamine
| - Norepinephrine
61
Common co-existing conditions associated with ADHD are:
- learning disabilities
- Emotional or other behavioural disorders
- Substance abuse
62
What are two types of treatment for ADHD?
1. Psychosocial intervention (ie CBT, social skills training, support groups)
2. Medical intervention (ie pharmacological)
63
What causes ADHD?
- Heredity
- Exposure to toxins
- Imbalance in two neurotransmitters
64
What are some of the psychological and behavioural characteristics of learners with ADHD?
Barkley's Theory:
1. behavioural inhibition
2. executive functioning
3. time awareness and management
4. persistent goal-directed behaviour
65
What are some medication considerations for learners with ADHD?
- Scientific studies support the effectiveness of medication, and most authorities on ADHD favour its use
- children should not be encouraged to see the medication as a replacement for self-initiated behavioural control
66
What are some things to consider with respect to early intervention for learners with ADHD?
- Diagnosing ADHD in early childhood is difficult (young children typically have short attention spans and are motorically active)
67
What factors are important for preschoolers with ADHD?
- principles of classroom structure
- teacher direction
- functional behavioural assessment
- Contingency based self-management
68
What are some things to consider with respect to transition to adulthood for learners with ADHD?
- adults with ADHD tend to have less positive outcomes than the general population in terms of employment, marriage and family, and general social well-being
69
What is a therapeutic technique often recommended for adults with ADHD?
Coaching
70
List a few behavioural disorders:
- ADD
- DBD
- ADHD
- Conduct Disorder
- Oppositional Defiance Disorder
71
Characteristics of behavioural disorders:
- Inappropriate behaviours
- Inappropriate feelings
- Difficulty with peer relationships
- Difficulty with learning
72
How is EBD classified?
- behaviour is extreme
- behaviour is chronic
- Behaviour unacceptable because of social or cultural expectations
73
What are two broad dimensions of behaviour?
- Externalizing
| - Internalizing
74
- It is estimated that in the U.S. 6-10% of school age children have what disorder?
EBD (Emotional Behaviour Disorder)
75
What makes EBD difficult to identify?
- The child is young and it is difficult to determine severity of problem
- there is an error in teacher judgement
- the child does not exhibit problems at school
76
List a few characteristics of someone with EBD:
- Typically below average IQ (less than 90)
- Underachievers
- Aggressive, acting out behaviour (externalizing)
- Immature, withdrawn behaviour (internalizing)
77
Define: Emotional and behaviour disorders
- is more than a temporary, expected response to stressful events in the environment
- is consistently exhibited in two different settings, at least one of which is school
- is unresponsive to direct intervention in general education, or the child's condition is such that general education interventions would be insufficient
78
How are emotional and behavioural disorders classified?
- based on the primary dimensions of externalizing (acting against others) and internalizing (acting against self)
79
What are the causes of emotional and behavioural disorders?
- causes are multiple and complex, seldom can a single cause be identified
- Major causal factors include biology, family, school, and culture
80
How are emotional and behavioural disorders identified?
- Teacher judgement
- students are below average in tested intelligence and academic achievement
- Students exhibit externalizing or internalizing behaviour
81
What strategies work best for emotional and behavioural disorders regarding major educational considerations?
- systematic, data-based interventions
- continuous assessment and monitoring of progress
- provision for practice of new skills
- treatment matched to the problem
- multicomponent treatment
- commitment to sustained intervention
82
True or False: In regard to EBD: early intervention is often suggested but seldom practiced
True
83
What is generalized anxiety disorder characterized by?
- excessive anxiety and worry that has been present for more than 3 months
84
What symptoms is generalized anxiety disorder associated with?
- restlessness
- easily fatigued
- difficulty concentrating
- irritability
- muscle tension
- sleep disturbance
85
Define: Panic disorder
intense feeling of apprehansion
86
Define: Social Anxiety disorder
- marked fear about social situations
87
Define: Agoraphobia
- anywhere in public
88
Define: Separation anxiety
- feel distress when not with caregiver
89
Define: School avoidance/phobia
- fear, might complain of physical symptoms to avoid school
90
What is the cognitive bias of people with generalized anxiety disorder?
- more sensitive than others to perceived threat
- tend to focus on negative information
- Expect negative things to happen
- Interpret ambiguous information as negative
91
Is there a high prevalence of generalized anxiety disorder?
- Yes
- adolescents 25%
- adults 18%
92
Define: Obsession
- unwelcome thoughts
93
Define: Compulsions
- behaviours that one must use to respond or quell the thoughts
94
How is OCD characterized?
- repetitive, intrusive thoughts (urges, images) and feelings followed by behaviours in response to these thoughts and feelings
95
List the groupings of OCD (4)
- Forbidden thoughts
- Symmetry and ordering
- Contamination and cleaning
- Hoarding
96
List two examples of mood disorders:
- Depression
| - Major depressive disorder
97
What are some symptoms of depression?
- worthlessness
- loss of energy
- social withdrawal
- sleep problems
- weight changes
98
What is the prevalence of depression in males and females?
Males- 1/10
| Females- 1/4
99
3/4 people who have _____________ also meet criteria for other disorders
major depressive disorder
100
What affects the onset of mood disorders?
- environmental component
- physiological changes
- long-term chronic stress
- Intergenerational transmission
101
What is the macrophage theory of depression?
- Changes in chemical components in the brain
| - increases likelihood for depression
102
How are mood disorders treated?
- Pharmacological treatment
- Electroconvulsive therapy
- Psychosocial intervention (cognitive therapy, emotion focused therapy, psychodynamic therapy)
103
How is Bipolar disorder characterized?
- experiences of both depression and mania
104
What is Bipolar I disorder?
- meet criteria for at least one manic episode (lasts a week)
105
What is Bipolar II?
- Manic episodes last 4 days
106
Define: Language
an arbitrary system of symbols used according to rules that determine meaning
107
Define: Speech
neuromuscular activity
108
Define: Communication
the process of sharing information (requires coding and decoding)
109
Define: Syntax
way words arranged for meaning (E.g. use wrong method to make verb past tense; problem with pronoun- her did it)
110
Define: Semantics
study of meaning of words (difficulty retelling stories that make sense to listeners)
111
Define: Morphology
Study of word formation
112
Define: Phonology
Study of individual sounds (Eg. boo for blue)
113
Define: Pragmatics
Study how people use language in social situations (difficulty using language in specific social situations)
114
What is the Etiology of Language disorders?
- Structural abnormality
| - Damage or maldevelopment of nervous system
115
Define: Language problem
- range of difficulties with linguistic code or with rules for linking symbols
116
Define: Language Delay
- Significant lags in language development
117
Define: Language Disorders
- Impairment or deviant development of comprehension or the use of a spoken, written or symbol system
118
List four types of articulation disorders:
- Omissions
- Substitutions
- Distortions
- Additions
119
List some speech disorders:
- Articulation disorder
- Voice disorder
- Fluency disorder
- Orofacial Deferct
- Motor-Speech disorder
120
Define: Dysarthria
- group of speech disorders from impaired muscular control
121
Define: Apraxia
- inability to plan and coordinate speech, speech is slow, effortful and inconsistent
- Person is aware of mistakes
122
Define: Aphasia
- Loss of ability to use language due to injury to specific area of the brain
123
List 5 types of language and speech problems related to brain injuries.
- Alexia
- Anomia
- Dysarthria
- Wernicke's aphasia
- Broca's aphasia
124
Define: Alexia
- lose ability to comprehend written words
125
Define: Anomia
- lose ability to recall or say names of some objects
126
Define: Wernicke's aphasia
sentences are garbled
127
Define: Broca's aphasia
can comprehend, but has difficulty responding
128
What are some effective strategies related to education interventions for speech and language disorders?
- Modelling
- Expansion
- Recasting
- Repeat directive
129
Define: Hearing Impairment
- General term
- any impairment with any part of transmission system (ear)
- Restriction in change or frequencies, or distortion, failure to perceive sounds
130
Define: Hearing Loss
- deterioration in hearing
131
Define: Deafness
Profound hearing loss
132
How are hearing impairments classified by severity?
- Mild: 24-40dB
- Moderate: 40-60 dB
- Severe: 60-90 dB
- Profound: 90+ dB
133
Define: Decibels (dB)
- smallest differences in loudness intensity that can be perceived
- Zero dB is the point at which average people can hear the faintest sound
134
How are hearing impairments classified by site of loss?
- Conductive
| - Sensorineural
135
Define: Conductive (HI)
- mechanical problem in ear canal or middle ear that blocks the conduction of sound
136
Define: Sensorineural (HI)
Damage to inner ear, auditory nerve, or auditory nerve pathways
137
How are hearing impairments classified by etiology?
- congenital or adventitious
138
How are hearing impairments classified by age of onset?
- pre-lingual or post-lingual
139
What are some hereditary factors leading to hearing impairment?
- Infections
- Very loud noise, certain drugs
- Meniere's disease
- various brain and nerve disorders (E.g. stroke)
140
In children, ______ nerve can be damaged by mumps, German measles, meningitis, inner ear infections
auditory
141
Define: conductive HI
Malfunction along conductive pathway (outer, middle ear)
142
Define: Sensorineural HI
Malfunctioning of inner ear
143
What are the developmental consequences of Hearing Impairment?
- Social/emotional isolation
- Communication
- Academic (many ppl with hearing loss have language deficiencies that limit reading comprehension and oral skills)
- Family (Deaf children of deaf parents usually have more positive outcomes than deaf children of hearing parents)
144
What interventions can be used to aid hearing?
- Cochlear implant
- Hearing Aids
- Captioning
- Educational approaches (total communication, bicultural-bilingual, auditory-verbal, auditory-oral)
145
Define: Acuity
Smallest image that is distinguishable
146
Define: Field (vision)
- area of vision
| - normal = 180 degrees
147
Define: Legally blind
20/200 person can see at 20ft what normal can see at 200ft
148
List a few vision problems:
- Refraction
- Myopia
- Hyperopia
- Astigmatism
- Strabismus
- Nystagmus
- Retinitis pigmentosa (night blindness)
149
List a few causes of vision problems:
- Diabetes (most common cause of blindness in US)
- Infection
- Retinopathy of prematurity
- Retinal Disorders
- Cataracts
- Glaucoma
150
How are vision problems classified?
- By degree (Mild, moderate, severe)
| - By etiology (congenital or adventitious)
151
What is the etiology of vision problems?
- Hereditary
- Environmental
- Biological
- Refractive errors
- Disturbances of ocular motility
152
What intervention is used to treat vision problems?
- Medical (eg. silver nitrate)
- Technical (eg. enlarging devices, voice recognition)
- Public (eg. accessible pedestrian signals)
- Educational (Braille, visual stimulation, orientation and mobility)
153
How are pervasive developmental disorders characterized?
- characterized by severe and pervasive impairment in several areas of development:
- reciprocal social interaction skills
- communication skills
- presence of stereotyped behaviour, interests, and activities
154
What are some aspects of Autism?
- Impaired social interaction
- Impaired communication
- restricted repertoire of activity and interests
- Abnormal cognition
- Abnormal sensory perceptions
155
What symptoms are associated with Rett's disorder?
- Problems in gait or trunk movements
- Impairment in expressive and receptive language
- severe psychomotor retardation
156
Which disorder is this?: Between 5-48 months, head growth decelerates, loss of hand skills, wringing of hands begins
Rett's disorder
157
What happens after birth to a child with Rett's disorder?
- Multiple specific deficits following a period of normal development after birth
158
What is childhood disintegrative disorder?
- marked regression in multiple areas following 2 years of normal development
159
Which disorder can be identified by clinically significant loss of skills in 2 of the following categories:
- expressive or receptive language
- social skills
- adaptive behaviour
- bowel or bladder control
- play or motor skills
Childhood disintegrative disorder
160
True or false: Children with childhood disintegrative disorder exhibit same characteristics as Autism Spectrum Disorder
True
161
How is Asperger's disorder classified?
- Sustained and severe impairment in social interaction
- Restricted, repetitive patterns of behaviour, interests or activities
- clinically significant impairment in social, occupational or other areas of functioning
162
True or false: People with asperger's disorder have many delays and deviance in language development and suffer from cognitive impairment.
False:
- NO delays or deviance in language development
- NO cognitive impairment
163
Define: Executive functions
- ability to regulate one's behaviour through working memory, inner speech, control of emotions and arousal levels, analysis and communication of problems
164
Define: Central coherence
- inclination to bring meaning to stimuli by conceptualizing it as a whole
165
Define: Theory of mind
- ability to take another's perspective, infer another's feelings
166
What are some developmental consequences of autism spectrum disorder?
- Social isolation
- Maladaptive behaviour
- Peer relations
167
Define: Severe disabilities
- emotional disturbance
- autism
- intellectual disability
- Cerebral palsy
- deafness
- deaf-blindness
168
What abnormal behaviours are identified when someone has a severe disability?
- fail to respond to social stimuli
- Self-mutilation
- absence of verbal control
- my be physiologically fragile
169
How are severe disabilities classified?
- primary disorder or disability
- secondary disorder
- Morbidity
- Comorbidity
- Complicating
170
Define: Morbidity
affected with disease
| - the condition of being diseased
171
Define: Comobidity
co-existing disorders or diseases
172
Define: Complicating
eg. overweight, but physical disability makes it difficult to exercise
173
Define: Disorder
Derangement or abnormality of function
174
Define: Disease
any deviation from or interruption of normal structure or function
175
Define: Syndrome
a set of symptoms occurring together (eg. ushers syndrome)
176
What is the etiology of severe disabilities?
- main factor or cause is injury to the CNS (trauma, drugs)
| - small number result from genetic or chromosomal disorders
177
Define: Traumatic brain injury
- Open or closed injuries to the head
- effects can range from mild to profound
- cognitive and psychosocial problems
178
How is cerebral palsy characterized?
- paralysis
- weakness
- lack of coordination
- motor dysfunction
179
Define: Seizure
sudden alteration of consciousness, due to abnormal discharge of electrical energy in the brain
180
What is the etiology of epilepsy?
- Often unknown
- genetic
- head trauma
- developmental disorder
- prenatal injury
- infectious diseases
181
What are the symptoms of epilepsy?
- Temporary confusion
- A staring spell
- Uncontrollable jerking movements of the arms and legs
- Loss of consciousness or awareness
- Psychic symptoms
182
Define: Spina bifida
Congenital, failure of spinal column to close completely during fetal development
183
In what disease is neurological impairment common, including:
- Muscle weakness of the legs, sometimes involving paralysis
- bowel and bladder problems
- Seizures
- Orthopedic problems
Spina bifida
184
Define: Muscular dystrophy
- hereditary disease, progressive weakness caused by degeneration of muscle fibres
185
Define: Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis
- systemic disease
- persistant joint pain
- swelling and stiffness
- some children experience symptoms for a few months, others for the rest of their lives
186
What is PTSD characterized by?
- cognitive, behavioural, emotional, and physiological symptoms following traumatic or catastrophic event
187
People with PTSD may experience trauma in which ways?
- Directly
- Witnessed
- Learned of trauma experienced by a loved one
- Firsthand exposure to aversive details
188
Intrusive Symptoms of PTSD are:
- recurrent, involuntary, intrusive distressing memories
- recurrent, distressing dreams
- dissociative reactions
- intense or prolonged psychological distress to cues
- marked physiological reactions to cues
189
What are some alterations in arousal and reactivity associated with PTSD?
- Irritable behaviours and angry outbursts
- reckless or self-destructive
- Hypervigilance
- Exaggerated startle reflex
- Problems with concentration
- Sleep disturbance
190
What are some risks for development of PTSD?
- Functioning before trauma
- Proximity to trauma
- Brain and endocrine functioning
- Cognitive appraisal and coping
- Family functioning
191
What are the 4 clusters of substance abuse?
- Impaired control
- Social impairment
- Risky use
- Pharmacological criteria (tolerance, withdrawal)
192
Define: Tolerance (Substance abuse)
- A need for markedly increased amounts to achieve desired effect
- Diminished effect of same amount
193
List 3 substance-induced disorders:
- Intoxication
- Withdrawal
- Substance-induced mental disorder
194
Define: Concurrent disorders
A mental health and a substance use disorder
195
Define: Precocious
remarkable early development
196
Define: Insight
ability to separate or combine information bits in new or useful ways; seeing into a situation and develop an understanding
197
What is LDAO's definition of a learning disability?
- refers to a variety of disorders that affect the acquisition, retention, understanding, organization or use of verbal and/or non-verbal information
