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Medical Anthropology > Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Universals of Medical Anthropology

A
  • all human beings (individuals and groups) experience sickness and death
  • all societies have medical systems to cope with sickened and religious systems to deal with death
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2
Q

Goal medical anthro

A
  • seeks to examine both differences and similarities between human groups in how they deal with these universal experiences
  • goal understand the causes of health and illness in societies
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3
Q

Bio social approaches emphasize

A
  • Biology, behaviour, evolution, adaptation, and environment to describe health and illness in human populations ;
  • focuses on human adaptation to the physical environment including human alteration of the environment and how this impacts upon health condition
  • concerned with health
  • health as human to land relations
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4
Q

Cultural approaches emphasize

A
  • How particular groups conceptualizer and deal with health and disease;
  • Focuses on ideas, beliefs, and values “in creating systems of illness classification and medical programs for curing illness”
  • concerned with medicine or ethnomedicine
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5
Q

Medical anthropology

A

The study of health, disease, healing, and sickness in human groups

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6
Q

Determinants of health from an anthropological perspective:

A
  • Physical environment
  • genetic influence
  • socioeconomic circumstances
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7
Q

Story of Awine

A
  • infant homozygous recessive for allele causes sickle cell anemia (genes)
  • sub-Saharan Africa Zebilla (arranged marriage, endogamy–> limited gene pool)
  • emotional involvement, desire parents
  • historically from hunter gatherer to farming –> malaria (sickle cell anemia advantage–> resistance malaria)
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8
Q

Biosocial approaches

A
  • focus on the intersection human populations, ecology, and evolutionary change over time
  • draw methods and theories from biological anthro and archaeology
  • evolution, health, and medicine
  • human biological variation
  • archaeology and the history of health
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9
Q

Cultural approaches

A
  • social & cultural variables affecting health, illness, behaviour, and medicine
  • study system ideas, beliefs, and values pertaining to disease and illness
  • ethnography
  • ethnomedicine
  • cultural and political ecologies of disease
  • belief and healing
  • the meaning and experience of illness
  • biomedicine, technology, and the body
  • culture illness and mental health
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10
Q

Ethnomedicine

A

All cultures have medical systems, practices, and knowledge about the causes, diagnosis, and treatment of disease, the study of these systems is called ethnomedicine

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11
Q

3 essential features of anthropology

A
  • holistic and interdisciplinary
  • despite diverse array of methods and theories all anthropologists use culture concept
  • identify, describe, and explain cultural patterns across these structural dimensions
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12
Q

Holistic

A
  • focuses on both biological and social settings of human behaviours and thought
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13
Q

Interdisciplinary

A

so many different specialties and four sub fields

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14
Q

Four sub-fields anthropology

A
  • archaeology
  • physical anthropology
  • linguistics
  • social- cultural anthropology
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15
Q

Culture

A

Learned patterns of thought and behaviour shared by a social group

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16
Q

Structure

A

Cultural patterns exist over three interconnected domains: infrastructure, structure, and superstructure

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17
Q

Infrastructure

A

The domain of material and economic culture (accessible resources, technology, systems of food procurement.. Necessities, ecological, means production?

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18
Q

Structure

A

The domain of social organization, power, and interpersonal relations- includes institutions, roles, and statuses (modes social production)

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19
Q

Superstructure

A

The domain of belief systems, symbols, cognitive models, and ideology

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20
Q

Basic approaches

A

Research as a means of expanding our general knowledge

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21
Q

Applied approaches

A

Research as a means of solving particular problems

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22
Q

WHO definition health

A

A state of complete physical, mental, and social well- being- not merely the absence of disease and infirmity

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23
Q

Sickness

A

Unwanted variations in the physical, social, and psychological dimensions of self:
Can be divided into illness and disease

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24
Q

Disease

A

A physical phenomenon, evident in the patho- physiology of tissue in the organism (objective)

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25
Q

Illness

A

The “human experience and perceptions of alterations in health as informed by their broader social and cultural meanings (subjective)

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26
Q

Distinction of illness and disease…

A

Sheds light on differences between patients and healers in terms of how they communicate about disease and how they conceptualizer therapeutic care

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27
Q

Five basic approaches to medical anthropology

A
  • Bio social (biological)
  • Cultural (ecological, ethnomedical, critical)
  • applied
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28
Q

Essential premises of 5 approaches:

A
  • illness and healing are universal human experiences
  • disease is a part of the natural environment influenced by cultural behaviour
  • experience of disease is culturally filtered
  • cultural facets of healing systems have pragmatic consequences
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29
Q

Biological approaches

A
  • evolution
  • disease and the Neolithic revolution
  • diseases of civilization
  • cultural critique
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30
Q

Evolution

A
  • biology explains evolutionary relationships and processes (human genetic variation, human susceptibility and resistance to disease, environmental stressors)
  • sheds light current health trends tracing roots of present day patterns of morbidity and mortality
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31
Q

Disease and the Neolithic revolution

A
  • health consequences of shifting to sedentary living :
  • exposure new diseases- domesticated animals
  • viable populations for the growth of a cute infectious diseases
  • more people = more waste

Social stratification and health

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32
Q

Diseases of civilization

A
  • major causes morbidity and mortality are heart disease, diabetes, and cancer
  • genotype adapted to lots exercise, seasonal food shortages, and low fat diets
  • biologically not well suited to environment we live in
33
Q

Premises of ecological approaches

A
  • the ecosystem: human beings are part of larger series of relationships involving physical environment and other organisms
  • human to environment relationships are homeostatic
  • we change our environment in ways that impact disease agents, and alter rates of morbidity and mortality
34
Q

Cultural ecology

A

Micro level analysis: focuses on the consequences if patterns of thought and behaviour on disease ecology and vice versa

35
Q

Political ecology

A

Macro level analysis a concentrates on interactions between cultural groups and their impact on disease ecology

36
Q

Ethnomedical approaches

A
  • focus on knowledge and practice

- ideal types based on disease etiology

37
Q

Personalization systems

A

Disease is caused by personal forces- wo you are and how you act to others matters

38
Q

Naturalistic systems

A

Disease is caused by external factors, impersonal forced

39
Q

Uniformitarianism

A
  • the forces that cause change in the present also called change in the past
  • processes and forces consist of the interaction between biological organisms and their environment, including other biological organisms
40
Q

Natural selection

A
  • relative degrees of fitness ( reproduce)
  • environments “select” organisms with better traits
  • organisms that survive to reproduce contribute yet predominant materials in the genetic makeup of population
  • over generations of differential reproduction, gene pool changes and produces what we classify as new species or types of organisms
41
Q

Sickness and healing (the SH adaption)

A
  • sickness and healing an elaboration of grooming and caring for con specifics observed in Non- human primates
  • human medical behaviours are “relatively complex expr sayings of suffering, need, and help seeking together with corresponding actions of compassion and health giving”
42
Q

Stone Agers in the Fast Lane (Eaton, Shostak, and Konner)

A
  • Paleolithic genes vs. Post modern lifestyle
  • late Paleolithic lifestyle
  • altered lifestyle and disease prevalence
    Main idea: our lifestyle does not fit with our genes
    Conclusion: to cope with peeve lance diseases of civilization reintroduce paleolithich lifestyle, preventative medicine including more exercise and better dietary choices
43
Q

Paleolithic genes vs post- modern lifestyle

A
  • rapid cultural change has impacted on our health in both positive and negative ways
    -positive: public health, biomedicine, surgery, antibiotics, increases life expectancy
    Negative: poor diet and lack of exercise, increased peeve lance of chronic degenerative diseases
44
Q

Late Paleolithic lifestyle

A

Nutrition- high protein, low fat, no alcohol
Physical exercise- better
Alcoholic beverages- none
Tobacco abuse

45
Q

Altered lifestyle and disease prevalence

A
  • obesity, diabetes, hypertension, cancer… Don’t believe existed as much
46
Q

Darwinian medicine (Randolph Nesse)

A
  • illness emergent property of human interaction with the physical environment
  • DM uses theory natural selection to understand why body is not better designed
47
Q

Evolutionary explanations for obesity

A
  • appetite regulation mechanisms are adapted so we survive food shortages
  • we like food that isn’t good for use- cravings salt sugar based on fact were scarce
  • tend minimize caloric expenditure- adaptive trait long ago
48
Q

Evolution and anxiety disorders

A
  • an adaptive response to predatory pressure:
    Fight or flight
    Agoraphobia- optimal response in right environment
49
Q

Symptoms of evolutionary defences:

A

Need to differentiate between physiological defects and defences
(Ie fought important function- cough medicine more harm than good?)

50
Q

Clinical adaptations of Darwinian medicine

A
  • understanding common illnesses (common illnesses result of natural selection, process caught maximizing reproduction not health)
  • answering questions about etiology (natural selection shapes whatever level of virulence maximizes replication of bacteria and viruses)
51
Q

Polymorphic traits

A

Traits that have two forms

52
Q

Tay Sachs disease

A
  • autosomal recessive disorder (heterozygous do not get disease)
  • balanced polymorphism: maladaptive traits persist because they offer heterozygous ab advantage –> increased resistance to stab
53
Q

Genotype

A

Genes set physical boundaries and potentials

54
Q

Phenotype

A

The environment helps determine whether potentials are reached

55
Q

Causes of variation

A
  • natural selection
  • drift
  • migration
  • shared history
56
Q

Plasticity

A

The ability of many organisms to alter themselves, their behaviour or even their biology, in response to changes in the environment
- essential part existence as generalists that can adapt and live in a variety of environments

57
Q

Classic examples of human plasticity

A
  • digest lactose

- range in height

58
Q

Race

A
  • not very useful concept from biological perspective
  • human biological variation continuos
  • race static and typological concept- doesn’t adequately capture the complexity and mutability if human biological variation
  • race social construct with profound biological consequences
59
Q

Six points of contention: myth of race as biology:

A
  • concept based on notion of fixed types in an unchanging natural world
  • human variation is continuous
  • human variation is nonconcordant- traits tend to vary independently of other traits
  • within group variation is much greater than variation among so called races
  • there is no way to consistently classify by race
  • there is no clarity as to what race is and what it is not
60
Q

Double error

A

Two leaps logic underlying the notion that racial differences in disease are due to genetic differences among races
Geneticization: most biology and behaviour located in genes
Scientific racialism: belief races are real and useful constricts

61
Q

What is skin colour if not indicator of race?

A
  • development hairlessness
  • sun protection
  • folate connection
62
Q

Folate connection

A
  • light skinned people too much sunlight low levels B vitamin folate (dark skin evolved protected floated stores)
  • not enough sub vitamin D deficiency– rockets
63
Q

Bio archaeology

A
  • approach to study human health and illness in the past
  • methods drawn from biology and archaeology
  • excavation to acquire evidence of health and illness
  • biological (pathological) methods to look for and analyze disease
64
Q

Neolithic revolution

A

Defined by economic (food production) and technological (ground stone tools) change

  • food production = population growth, sustained permanent settlements
  • new institutions and laws emerged along with social classes and inequality
65
Q

Human health and Neolithic revolution

A
  • human health suffered
  • infectious diseases found populations in which they could grow and spread
  • socioeconomic changes primary reason for modern declines in mortality and increases in population
66
Q

Paleopathology

A
  • the study of pathology in the past

- pathology: study of the causes, processes, and structures of disease by examination of physical tissue

67
Q

Methods in paleopathology

A
  • choice methods depends on type material available for analysis
  • soft tissue (gross observation and microscopic observation) requires different means of analysis than hard tissue (excavation)
  • bulk osteological: gross observation, X-rats, and microscopic techniques (hard tissue)
68
Q

Disease in agricultural populations in transition

A
  • shift to sedentary life and food productions–> increase parasitic, zoo tonic, and infectious disease
69
Q

Periosteal reactions:

A

Pathogens can cause nonspecific lesions

70
Q

Porotic hyperostosis

A

Nutritional suffice cues CNS cause

Lesions

71
Q

Dickson mounds

A
  • series of sites located in eastern woodlands in Illinois
  • skeletal samples compared across time periods
  • analysis reveals major deterioration in health overtime
72
Q

Dickson mounds culture history

A

Late woodland- hunter gatherer
Late Woodlawn- maize agriculture
Middle mission in- agriculture

73
Q

Signs health deterioration

A
  • patterns infection and anemia died before age 10
  • infection peaks first year life
  • anemia peaks second and third years of life
  • individuals survive infection problems maintaining adequate iron reserves
  • delayed growth
  • dental enamel hypophysia
74
Q

Wear and tear hypothesis

A

Those with hypophysia represent group individuals challenged by insult early in their lifetimes and continued to be subjected to insults during the rest of their lives

75
Q

Damaged goods hypothesis

A
  • major insults occur at critical period of immunology development
76
Q

Sudanese Nubia

A
  • comparison skeletal populations from less intensive and intensive agricultural adaptations
  • similar disease patterns as those found anong agricultural population at Dickson mounds
  • period real reactions much lower
77
Q

Determinants of health - Thomas mckeown

A
  • historical argument about determinants of health in human populations
  • determinants health basic huge nine and nutrition
  • compares mortality rates before and after intoroduction major medical interventions
78
Q

Engineering metaphor

A
  • healthy body/ person is a well tuned machine
  • optimum health measures by normal structure and function of the body
  • studying machines response to disease enable physicians to intervene course of disease
  • body can be protected from disease by primarily chemical and physical intervention

Medical Anthropology (2 decks)

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