Midterm 1

Question 1

How does a proteins tertiary structure depend on its primary structure?

Answer 1

The individual amino acids within a sequence can interact with their neighbors to create local secondary structures. The sun of all secondary structures will be the tertiary structure of the polypeptide

Question 2

What is the difference between the secondary and the tertiary structure of a protein

Answer 2

Secondary structure refers to the 3-D shape of some specific region with a polypeptide; tertiary structure is the sum of all secondary structures

Question 3

What are the four components of all amino acids?

Answer 3

Amino group, carboxyl group, R group, alpha carbon

Question 4

What is an example of protein secondary structure?

Answer 4

Alpha helixes

Question 5

What is a description of the quaternary structure of a protein?

Answer 5

The 3-D structure of multiple polypeptides into a functional protein

Question 6

What is the role of proteins in the body?

Answer 6

Defending against pathogens, transporting nutrients across membranes, structural support

Question 7

Monosaccharide-

Answer 7

A single sugar

Question 8

Disaccharide-

Answer 8

Two sugars linked by a glycosidic bond

Question 9

Polysaccharide

Answer 9

More than 20 sugars linked by glycosidic bonds

Question 10

Which of the carbohydrates is a primary metabolic fuel for humans

Answer 10

Glucose

Question 11

Which is the correct pairing of a polysaccharide and the monosaccharide from which it is made

Answer 11

Starch, glucose

Question 12

Which polysaccharides provide energy storage for plants and animals, respectively?

Answer 12

Starch and glycogen

Question 13

Why does a phospholipid villager naturally form when phospholipids are placed in water?

Answer 13

Because it is intrinsic to the nature of phospholipids that they will form villagers. It had to do with have two fatty acid tails on each phospholipid

Question 14

Explain how lipids enable an animal to hibernate

Answer 14

The hibernating animal can break triglycerides to release fatty acids. The fatty acids can be used in aerobic metabolism. The aerobic metabolism of fatty acids also produced a lot of water.

Question 15

How many fatty acids are found in a fat/triglyceride?

Answer 15

Three fatty acids joined by ester bonds to a glycerol

Question 16

How many fatty acids are found ina phospholipid?

Answer 16

Two fatty acids joined to glycerol by ester bonds

Question 17

How many fatty acids are found in cholesterol

Answer 17

There are no fatty acids in cholesterol

Question 18

In humans, steroids are…

Answer 18

Used in the production of sex hormones

Question 19

The head of a phospholipid is hydrophilic because it has…

Answer 19

A phosphate group+a hydrophilic R group

Question 20

What molecules is a phosphodiester linkage found in?

Answer 20

Nucleic acids

Question 21

How does DNA communicate the hereditary information it contains to synthesize proteins?

Answer 21

DNA serves as a template to make a complementary RNA. Some DNA code regions contain the information to make a polypeptide

Question 22

What is the main difference between the double helix formed in a DNA molecule as compared with the 3D structure of a tRNA molecule?

Answer 22

A tRNA is actually a signal chain of nucleotides that has folded on itself

Question 23

Which is larger, a eukaryotic cell or a prokaryotic cell?

Answer 23

Eukaryotic cells are larger than prokaryote cells

Question 24

Single or multi-celled: are eukaryotic organisms single-celled or multi-celled? Are prokaryotic organisms single-celled or multi-celled?

Answer 24

Eukaryotes can be multicellular; prokaryotes are unicellular

Question 25

What type of cells have membrane bound organelles?

Answer 25

Eukaryotes

Question 26

Where is DNA located in eukaryotic cells? Prokaryotic cells?

Answer 26

Eukaryotes-DNA in the nucleus, the mitochondrion, and the chloroplast. Prokaryotes-DNA is in the cytoplasm

Question 27

In what type of cells are ribosomes?

Answer 27

Prokaryotes and eukaryotes

Question 28

What is the role of mRNA in protein synthesis?

Answer 28

The linear sequence of nucleotides in mRNA

Question 29

In what way do chloroplasts and mitochondria perform opposite functions?

Answer 29

A chloroplast uses energy derived from light to combine H2O and CO2 to make glucose. In photosynthesis ATP is convert d to ADP+P to release energy. A mitochondrion metabolized glucose and will yield H2O and CO2 as products of metabolism. During this process, ADP+P are converted to ATP for the purpose of storing energy

Question 30

The monomers that make up a protein are called...

Answer 30

Amino acids

Question 31

What is accomplished during transcription?

Answer 31

DNA transfers information to RNA

Question 32

Minimal definition for a cell

Answer 32

A unit of cytoplasm bounded by a plasma membrane that is capable of replication with modification

Question 33

What are the components of cytoplasm?

Answer 33

H2O, ions, basic organic molecules, small organic compounds, macromolecules, and molecular complexes

Question 34

Basic organic molecules-

Answer 34

Amino acids, sugars, fatty acids, nucleotides

Question 35

Small organic complexes-

Answer 35

ATP=energy shuttle Co-enzymes=molecule that facilitates biological reaction Vitamins=organic molecules that we cannot make

Question 36

Macromolecules

Answer 36

Carbon polymers | Nucleic acids, proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids

Question 37

Macro molecular complexes

Answer 37

Ribosomes=protein/nucleic acid complex

Question 38

Protein definition

Answer 38

A discrete chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds(polypeptides)

Question 39

Protein building blocks

Answer 39

Amino acids

Question 40

Type of bond in protein

Answer 40

Peptide bond

Question 41

Basic functions of proteins

Answer 41

Make enzymes, channel complexes, receptors, gene regulatory proteins and can serve as an energy source

Question 42

General chemical property of protein

Answer 42

Hydrophilic

Question 43

What type of enzyme would you use to break protein

Answer 43

Peptidase or protease

Question 44

Carbohydrate definition

Answer 44

A hydrophilic organic polymer that consists of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

Question 45

Building block of carbohydrate

Answer 45

Simple sugars

Question 46

Type of bond for carbohydrate

Answer 46

Simple sugars