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mcb > midterm 1 > Flashcards

midterm 1 Flashcards

1
Q

William James

A

wrote Principles of Psychology in 1890; damage to the brain affects and changes specific mental functions

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2
Q

how many neurons

A

100 billion

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3
Q

vertebrate brain structure

A

SPinal cord → hindbrain → midbrain → forebrain

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4
Q

how does brain dev

A

in embryo as a tubular sheet folds in and closes off & expands at 1 end (forebrain end)

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5
Q

gyrus vs sulci

A

gyrus - bumps,; sulci -grooves

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6
Q

lobes

A

frontal , parietal (middle), occipital (far back); temporal (bottom section)

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7
Q

central succulus

A

Seps frontal and parietal

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8
Q

lateral fissure

A

seps temporal from frontal and parietal

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9
Q

long fissure

A

seps right and left hemispheres

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10
Q

Vesalius

A

Renaissance physician who publishes “On the Fabric of the Human Body” in 1543 with complex images of anatomy drawn by skilled artists of era; noted connections between brain and sensory organs (esp eyes)

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11
Q

meninges

A

what separates skull from brain ; skull–> dura–> arachnoid–> pia

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12
Q

meningitis

A

inflammation of meninges

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13
Q

Descartes

A

Treatise of Man - interested in understanding how human body worked & perceived the world
Illustration of man reacting to sensation of fire; eye dissections & speculations about connections between eye and brain

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14
Q

luigi galvani

A

electrical stim on frogs –> muscles move bc of internal electrical forces that can be triggered by an external system

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15
Q

golgi

A

developed method of staining neurons (Golgi stain) was good bc only stained 1 percent on neurons

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16
Q

ramon y cajal

A

illustrated neurons and glial cells w Golgi stain

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17
Q

fatty acid

A

hydrophobic chain w COOH at end

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18
Q

phospholipid

A

allows for cell membrane double layer bc hydrophilic ends

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19
Q

amino acids

A

have amine and COOH components

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20
Q

how is double helix held together

A

by H bonds between the nucleotides

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21
Q

Darwin

A

diversity of living organisms is understandable in terms of evolution and natural selection; some way of passing info from gen to gen that had capacity to change

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22
Q

Mendel

A

very distinct way traits passed down (pea experiments)

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23
Q

gene

A

fundamental unit of inheritance

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24
Q

Bohr

A

acts of observation limit what we know of universe; lectured on fact that in bio, studying structure & function of cells requires probing & necessarily perturbing or killing molecular components to determine the basis of life

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25
Q

Delbruck

A

theoreticl phys inspired by Bohrs talk to learn bio

1935 - paper that genes must be made up of molecules

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26
Q

Oswald avery

A

says genetic material is DNA not proteins, ignored bc work not done w E Coli and bacteriophages, ppl believed dna too dumb

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27
Q

Hershey Chase experiments

A

proved dna has genetic info, was believed by science community

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28
Q

Watson and Crick

A

announce double helix DNA structure (1953)

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29
Q

codons

A

triplet of DNA nucleotides that code for a specific amino acid

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30
Q

transcription and translation

A

transcription - DNA unwinds, 1 template used to synthesize RNA; translation - RNA matched w corresponding amino acid prod

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31
Q

ions more outside

A

Na, Ca, Cl-

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32
Q

ions more inside

A

K

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33
Q

sodium pot pump

A

3 Na out, 2 K in per 1 atp

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34
Q

resting potential

A

-65 mV (inside neg compared to outside)

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35
Q

hyperpolarization

A

increase in charge diff across membrane (opening K, Cl channels)

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36
Q

depolarization

A

dec in charge diff (open Ca, Na channels)

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37
Q

Huxley-Hodgkin

A

measured voltage changes across axon membrane during an action potential using squid axons –> predicted existence of voltage gated ion channels

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38
Q

voltage gated ion channels

A

Na, K channels that open/close depending on membrane voltage potential; located primarily along axon

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39
Q

action potential

A

Na+ opens when membrane potential reaches -50mV (influx of pos charge large enough to initiate action potential) and stay open until voltage goes to +30mV
K+ channels begin opening as voltage becomes more positive and fully open as membrane potential reaches +30mV and let K out until membrane potential driven negative to resting potential
(Actually reaches -70mV before reaches resting potential rapidly)

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40
Q

how propagation of action potential

A

once action pot starts, influx of Na in signals nearby VGCs to do same process

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41
Q

myelin

A

layers of glial cells that wrap axons

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42
Q

nodes of Ranvier

A

spots where myelin not covering the axon –> all Na /K pump and channel proteins are jammed here

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43
Q

oligodendrocytes

A

the glial cells that make up myelin

44
Q

salutatory cond

A

AP jumps across axon from node to node–> faster movement of AP (100 m/s vs <10 m/s)

45
Q

electrical synapse/gap junction

A

direct connection bt two adjacent neurons ; connexon channel (made up of connexin proteins) connects cells together
(can be mostly anywhere on neuron)

46
Q

chemical synapse

A

end of axon of one cell connecting to dendrite of the other; voltage gated Ca channesl open and Ca flows in, interacts w proteins in axon terminal–> domino effect of protein interaction–> synaptic storage vesicles (filled w NT) which fall into space bt cells

47
Q

reuptake transporters

A

bring NT back to cell of origin (getting rid of excess NT in synapse so postsynaptic cell can discriminate bt signals)

48
Q

dendrite spine

A

bulge at one end of dendrite to inc surface area for receiving signals

49
Q

how does cell pass signal

A

AP propogates along axon until it reaches axon terminal(s) & reaches Ca++ VGC
Depolarization induce Ca channel to open, Ca flows into cell, binds with SNARE & releases NTs within vessicle into synaptic cleft

NTs hit receptor proteins & bind if fit, sending message to postsynaptic neuron; might also head back and hit feedback receptors on presynaptic cell

50
Q

how does cell deactivate signal

A

reuptaking proteins into axon terminal OR enzymes in synaptic cleft (for ACh only)

51
Q

loewi

A

When he transferred liquid of slowed heart to another heart jar, heart 2 slows despite no stimulation → some chemical released from nerve when stimulated
Named it Vagustoff, later identified as acetylcholine (ACh)

52
Q

ionotropic receptor

A

ligand gated channel receptor; allows certain ions to pass thru channel when opened when specific NT binds

53
Q

glutamate/gluatamic acid

A

most abundant NT, main excitatory NT in the brain; opens Na and Ca channels, depolarizes cell

EPSP - excitatory post synaptic potential

54
Q

GABA

A

major inhibitory NT, receptors mainly Cl channel ionotropic receptors ; hyperpolarizes cells

55
Q

threshold for activating action pot

A

~ - 60 mv (and needs to be at axon hillock)

56
Q

glutamic acid decarboxylase

A

enzyme used to convert glutamic acid to GABA

57
Q

metabotropic receptor

A

affects intracellular chemistry and can open/close ion channels, control gene transcription, enzyme de/activation;
does NOT have a channel that opens

58
Q

GPCR takeaway

A

slower effects than ionotropic but more potential/prolonged/amplified effects

59
Q

central nervous system

A

brain and spinal cord

60
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

everything else (sensory systems, muscles, skin), autonomic nervous system, enteric NS

61
Q

connections bt CNS and PNS

A

via spinal cord or by cranial nerves

62
Q

sympathetic NS

A

activates body, neural fibers emerge from spinal cord

63
Q

parasympathetic NS

A

calming system, ganglia located further from CNS than symp glanglia

64
Q

(para)sympathomimetic vs (para)sympatholytic

A

-mimetic stimulates, -olytic imhibit

65
Q

monoamine

A

NT w amine group at end of certain atoms

66
Q

caffeine effects

A

affects CNS via increase of alertness, wakefulness, inc in heart rate and bp;
works as antagonist to adenosine (which mediates lower heart rate and bp)

67
Q

nicotine effects

A

relaxation and focused attentions, agonist at nAChRs

68
Q

sedative hypnotics effects

A

low doses produce sedative/relaxing effect; high doses create hyposis/sleep

69
Q

sed-hyp mechanism

A

facilitating GABA inhibition, inc Cl flow into cells

70
Q

examples of sedative hypnotics

A

ethanol, barbiturates, benzodiazepines, general anasthetics

71
Q

oldest hominin

A

Ardipithico ramidus (~ 4.4 million years old)

72
Q

what is a mind

A

A collection of mental states (thoughts, feelings, perceptions) that lead to a consciousness/ awareness; a subjective experience

73
Q

mind-body problem

A

how is the mind related to physical processes in the brain and body? Is the brain necessary to have a mind?

74
Q

physicalism

A

Characterized by principle that what is real is physical stuff and understand all of the universe in terms of particles and their interactions

75
Q

reductionism

A

Reducing a bigger system to its components → life is just due to a collection of molecules

76
Q

james usher

A

creation (4004 bc oct 22 at 6 pm)

77
Q

how old is earth

A

~5 billion years old

78
Q

bt what did first neurons most likely appear

A

bt sponges and cnidariana

79
Q

reticular theory vs neuron theory

A

Reticular (Golgi)- all neurons connected in huge network

Neuron (Ramon y Cajal) - neurons as distinct entities that generated a signal that was passed along

80
Q

views of the brain

A

dorsal (from above), ventral (from below), lateral (side), medial (slice by cutting the brain in half down the middle), posterior (rear)

81
Q

what does brain stem include

A

the medulla, pons, and midbrain (in some definitions, also includes the diancephalon and/or the cerebellum)

82
Q

corpus callosum

A

a bundle of ~200 million nerve fibers connecting the right and left cerebral hemispheres

83
Q

Dmitri mendelev

A

organized known elements in 1869

84
Q

elemental composition of human body

A

By weight, oxygen number one
By dry weight (no water), its carbon
In terms of atoms, is hydrogen

85
Q

refractory period

A

Prevent reverse propagation and reverberation of nerve impulse

86
Q

MS

A

Autoimmune damage to myelin

Nerve conduction impaired, motor and/or sensory functions impaired

87
Q

EEG (electroencephalography)

A

measures changing EM fields due to lot of ions out bc chemical synapses

88
Q

seizure

A

runaway neural activity in the brain

89
Q

first NT discovered

A

ACh

90
Q

what NTs are not made in specific isolated areas

A

GABA and glutamate

91
Q

Botulinum toxin affects

A

Taken up into ACh presynaptic terminals, interferes w NT releases → reduces effectiveness of ACh at NMJ and momentary paralysis of muscles

92
Q

Paracelsus

A

poison distinguished from medicine by dose

93
Q

LD-50

A

amnt of something that kills 50 percent of the population

94
Q

ttx (tetradotoxin)

A

blocks voltage gated Na channels, can lead to death by respiratory paralysis

95
Q

Saxitoxin

A

also blocks Na channels

96
Q

batrachotoxins

A

causes Na channels to stay open

97
Q

what to local anesthetics do

A

Block sensation locally, dont block Na channels completely but mess w enough so dont open and close normally

98
Q

TI

A

therapeutic index = lethal dose/therapeutic dose

99
Q

treatment for seizures

A

anything to reduce excitability of neurons (interfering w VGCs, facilitate inhibitor GABA, reduces excitatory glutamate)

100
Q

excitotoxicity

A

activates too many ionotropic receptors that allow Ca++ into cell, activate multiple enzymes (including closely controlled enzymes) that might wrech havoc and damage/kill cells

101
Q

blood brain barrier

A

CNS blood vessels have no gaps between blood vessel cells
2 ways of getting through: transporter proteins & dissolving through cell membrane (main method for drugs that affect brain)

102
Q

two types of AChRs

A

nAChRs and mAChRs

103
Q

nicotinic AChRs

A

ionotropic receptor, activated by nicotine, blocking nAChR produces muscle paralysis but must enter bloodstream to work as poison

104
Q

muscarine AChR

A

GPCR, activated by muscarine, antagonized by atropine

105
Q

what can cross BBB to affect neurons

A

nicotine, atropine

106
Q

top 5 psychoactive drugs

A

caffeine, ethanol, nicotine, areca nut, cannabis

mcb (1 decks)

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