MIDTERM 1

Question 1

MINIMAL PAIRS (definition)

Answer 1

words identical in every way EXCEPT in one place (with respect to sound)

Question 2

HOW TO USE MINIMAL PAIRS TO GET TO PHONEMES (INDIVIDUAL SOUNDS)

Answer 2

see if one sound substituted for another leads to CHANGE IN MEANING of sound

Question 3

PHONOLOGY (definition)

Answer 3

study of system of sound and sound combinations in language

component of grammar made up of categories and principles that determine how sounds pattern in language

concerned with systematic variation in production of sounds

Question 4

PROPERTIES OF GRAMMAR

Answer 4

1. PARITY (all grammars are equal)
2. UNIVERSALITY (fundamentally similar)
3. MUTABILITY (change over time)
4. INACCESSIBILITY (grammatical knowledge is subconscious)

Question 5

what is DESCRIPTIVE GRAMMAR

Answer 5

idealized form of mental grammars of all speakers of a community

Question 6

how to describe CONSONANT SPEECH SOUNDS

info described in IPA chart

Answer 6

1. state of the glottis
2. manner of articulation (how it’s produced)
3. place of articulation (where it’s produced)

Question 7

what does STATE OF THE GLOTTIS imply

Answer 7

VOICED (vocal folds together causes vibrations)

VOICELESS (vocal cords apart so air moves thru freely)

Question 8

PLACES OF ARTICULATION (consonants)

Answer 8

LABIALS= lips
LABIODENTAL= top lip bottom teeth
INTERDENTAL= tongue btwn teeth
ALVEOLAR= ridge behind teeth
PALATAL= roof of the mouth
VELAR= tongue touching/ near soft rear of roof of mouth
glottal=uses vocal folds

Question 9

MANNERS OF ARTICULATION

Answer 9

STOPS= obstructs airflow
FRICATIVES= forming nearly complete stop but little opening causes friction
NASALS= air escapes thru mouth and nose
AFFRICATES= stop and fricative together
LIQUIDS= articulators cause closure but not enough to cause friction
GLIDES= slight closure of articulators

Question 10

how to describe VOWEL SPEECH SOUNDS

info conveyed in IPA chart

Answer 10

1. TONGUE HEIGHT (high mid low)
2. TONGUE ADVANCEMENT (front back)
3. ROUNDING

Question 11

why was IPA invented

Answer 11

1. one sound for each symbol
2. each symbol represents one sound

NO AMBIGUITY

Question 12

ARTICULATORY PROCESSES

Answer 12

1. insertion hamster–>hampster
2. deletion (unstressed vowel deletion) barbara–> barbra
3. weakening (flapping)
   writer–>rider

Question 13

ORTHOLOGY

Answer 13

how language is written by speakers (without accounting phonology)

Question 14

PRESCRIPTIVE GRAMMAR

Answer 14

strict and formal method of telling someone how language SHOULD be used

Question 15

PHONETIC TRNASCRIPTION

Answer 15

visual representation of speech sounds