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Psychology 2800 - Social psyc > Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Flashcards

(52 cards)

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1
Q

What is the scientific method?

A

Steps:

  1. Observation
  2. Prediction
  3. Frame guess as hypothesis
  4. Design experiment
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2
Q

Aronson and Mills Experiment:

Hypothesis

A

Thought people might come to like things more if they suffered to get them.

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3
Q

Aronson and Mills Experiment:

Results

A

Level 1: Sever initiation (read list of obscene words)
Reported the discussion to be exciting
Level 2: Mild initiation (read list of non-obscene words)
Reported the discussion to be boring
Level 3: No initiation
Reported the discussion to be boring

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4
Q

What is Random Assignment?

A

Each participant has an equal chance of being in any condition of the study.
Minimizes effect of individual differences.

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5
Q

The “3rd factor problem”

A

You cannot assume causality or directionality with a strong correlation

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6
Q

Control VS. Impact:

A

There are limits to control with human participants.
Large unmeasured individual differences affect our results.
Too much control can negate experimentation.
As control increases, impact is diminished.

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7
Q

What is Experimental Realism?

A

People take the experiment seriously and are involved with the procedures. (people are unaware they are being tested)

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8
Q

What is Mundane Realism?

A

How similar the experimental situation is to events that people may encounter in the real world.

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9
Q

What is the best way to achieve experimental realism?

A

Deception. It is necessary to disguise the true purpose of the study to avoid interfering with meaningful effects.

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10
Q

What is the replication crisis?

A

Sometimes a failed replication…

a. is failure of technique, not hypothesis.
b. it catches mistakes in original procedure.
c. but reveals important variables for future replication.

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11
Q

What ethical problems come from deceiving people when studying them?

A

It is unethical.
It leads to invasion of privacy.
Experiments often entail some unpleasant procedures.

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12
Q

When is it ok to study someone? (and there is some ethical issue surrounding the procedure)

A

Must run a cost-benefit analysis.

Does the ends justify the means?

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13
Q

5 Guidelines for Conducting Research:

A
  1. avoid procedures with pain.
  2. provide people with real options of quitting.
  3. try and avoid deception (if able too).
  4. experimenters should spend time with participants after research to go over what was tested…
  5. Don’t use deception just for the hell of it.
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14
Q

What is social cognition?

A

Focuses on development of people’s understanding, storage, and application of info about themselves, others and social situations.

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15
Q

Who was Jeremy Bentham?

A
  • *** (IDRK)
  • Rationality of human cognition
  • Happiness calculation and the role of government
  • Foundational ideas about modern capitalism
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16
Q

What is the difficulty with the happiness calculation model?

A

** (IDRK)
Lack of all-inclusive, accurate, and useful info. We have limited mental resources to think rationally. Cognitive misers.

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17
Q

The brain’s built-in biases:

A
  1. Bias blind spot
  2. Naive realism
  3. Confirmation bias
  4. Egocentric bias
    We tend to remember stuff better if it affects us directly.
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18
Q

What is Bias Blind Spot?

Give an example.

A

We don’t see our own biases. We are right the other person is wrong.
Ex. any argument

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19
Q

What is the “Cloak of Invisibility Effect”

A

The feeling that we observe and notice more about other people than they notice about us.

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20
Q

What is the Confirmation Bias?

Give and example.

A

We accept info that confirms our beliefs and ignore info that goes against our beliefs.
Ex. When trying to decide between things like the news.

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21
Q

What is Egocentric Bias?

Give an example.

Study These Flashcards
A

It involves placing oneself in the centre of the universe.
People believe that others notice more about them than they actually do.
Ex. a zit
With this bias, both the “cloak of invisibility effect” and “Barnum effect” come into play.

22
Q

What are Kahneman and Tversky known for?

Study These Flashcards
A

They purposed questions where one was bad, the other good; but neither of the options were great.
Found that people statistically choose the wrong answer
Ex)
If Program A is adopted, 400 people will die.
If Program B is adopted, there is a one-third probability that no people will die and a two-thirds probability that 600 people will die.

-people typically choose A but the smarter (more strategic) answer is B .

23
Q

What are the minds 2 processing systems?

Study These Flashcards
A
  1. Automatic - Unconscious, guides most behaviour, fast responses.
  2. Controlled - Conscious, deals with novel/complex stuff, slower responses.
24
Q

What 2 steps do most decisions involve?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Quick initial assessment.

- Contolled modification to initial assessment

25
The brain is wired to be _______ and to _________ things in human terms. What did Heider and Simmel demonstrate?
a. social b. interpret They demo'd human tendency to attribute human intentions and personalities to things. (think of the circle/triangle dispute)
26
What is Social Pain? Who proved that it is real?
feelings of rejection, or such... bullying. Eisenberger and Leiberman
27
What is the Social Identity Theory? | who purposed it?
By: Henri Tajfel Group memberships feed the sense of belonging and self-worth. Us VS Them is influenced by group memberships. Once division is made, differences are exaggerated. In-group distort our perceptions.
28
What are the 5 core social motives? Who purposed them?
1. Belonging 2. understanding others 3. Control 4. Need to matter 5. Trust By: Susan Fiske
29
When do humans function best?
When they experience a sense of belonging, control, freedom to make choices, usefulness, trust, and being loved. Warping these = abnormality
30
Attribution theory: | -Dispositional VS Situational
Attribution = What causes behaviour. - Dispositional: internal. Caused by something we see within the person. - Situational: external. Caused by something outside the person
31
What is Kelley's Covariation Theory?
When you base attributions on three factors: 1. Consensus (how often do others behave like this) 2. Consistency (Does the individual usually act like this) 3. Distinctiveness (Does X's behaviour change with the context)
32
What is the fundamental attribution error?
tendency to overestimate the importance of personality or dispositional factors when describing or explaining why people do what they do. We adhere to roles and we don't attribute our behaviour to those nor do we attribute other peoples behaviours to their roles.
33
What are self fulfilling prophecies?
It explains our successes and failures and influences future success/failure. It affects our sense of control
34
What is the Rosenthal Effect?
When somebodies behaviour affects our own. | Affects kids and minorities more.
35
What is the basic principal of social cognition?
All judgement is relative, it depends on the social context.
36
What are Contrast Effects?
Change in how good something looks compared to something similar. (comparison of like items)
37
What is a Social Comparison?
When we evaluate our won abilities through comparing us to others.
38
What are Schemas?
Models used to organize and retrieve information. | Require learning
39
What is Priming?
When certain schemas are activated by subtle cues. Directs behaviour. Perceptions are influenced by recent events.
40
What is the Primacy Effect? | Who demonstrated this effect?
Early information in more influential than later. Asch - 1st sentence effectiveness Jones et al - IQ test performance Aronson and Jones - Coaches more impressed with...
41
What and who posed the experiment: Sentences that contain the same information, in different order
Asch - 1st sentence effectiveness Found that people were rated better if good info was placed first.
42
What and who posed the experiment: Participants watched individuals taking intelligence tests
Jones et al - IQ test performance Found that people rated smarted if they started "hot".
43
What are Heuristics? 3 common examples?
Guide problem solving and make judgments. Minimal though required. 1. Representativeness 2. Availability 3. Affect
44
_______________ Focuses on surface similarities to make inferences. When you try and categorize something.
Representativeness Heuristics. Leads to base rate fallacy.
45
What is the Base Rate Fallacy? Give an example.
When we fail to take into account how common a behaviour or characteristic is. A librarian doesn't typically look like a stereotype.
46
_____________ An assessment of how likely an occurrence is based on how easily an example of that event can be recalled.
Availability Heuristic. | Involves memory
47
__________ Focuses on mental shortcuts influenced by current emotions.
Affect Heuristic. Good moods facilitate positive evaluations. Bad moods facilitate negative evaluations. * If made aware of our mood first, this effect is lessened.
48
What is the Halo Effect?
One positive attribute causes us to attribute other good qualities to an individual. Biased feelings influence future expectations.
49
When do we use heuristics?
``` Lack of time. Info overload. Low importance Inadequate knowledge Interference emotion and wishful thinking. ```
50
What are Constructive Predictions?
Predicting emotional impact of certain outcomes determines the goals and risks we are willing to take. Overestimation of impact of future events. Misprediction Inability to forecast the future.
51
Define Reconstructive Memory.
Strongly influenced by present events. Filtered and modified by concepts of what might or should have been. Constantly revised and influenced.
52
What are Autobiographical memory?
Involves own history. Includes major changes, distortions, and revision over time. Fits our current beliefs (confirmation bias)

Psychology 2800 - Social psyc (1 decks)

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