midterm 1 Flashcards
learn (115 cards)
1
Q
human impact change over time
A
local. regional, global
2
Q
Anthropocene indications
A
CO2 emissions conc, econ growth
3
Q
great acceleration
A
past 50 years increase in socia-econ, and earth-sys
4
Q
drivers of great acceleration
A
consumption and technology
5
Q
when anthropocene start
A
1800s
6
Q
why conservation emerge
A
due to challenge preserving speciesand ecosystem
7
Q
what is conservation
A
develop approaches to prevent extinction of species, promote genetic divers, protect bio communitties and their functions
8
Q
end goal of conservation
A
preserve biodiversity
9
Q
Mean vs ends
A
final product or goal vs how we get ther
Ex. reduce CO2–carbon tax, electric vehicles..
10
Q
Convention on Biological diversity (CBD) goals
A
- bio diversity 2. sustainable use of components 3. fair and equitable sharing
11
Q
CBD suggested means
A
protected areas, sustain devel, restore degraded ecosys, prevent invasive species, policeisfor threatened species
12
Q
In-situ vs Ex-situ
A
within ecosystems/natural habitiat vs outside
13
Q
what is CBD
A
1992, multi-lateral
14
Q
Ecosystem approach
A
Recognize value, demonstrates value and captures them
15
Q
Cons is normative. what does this mean?
A
subjective claims, diff perspectives and opinions, no right answer
16
Q
ecosystem services approach is based on intrinsic value?
A
False it is instrumental
17
Q
How to demonstrate eco sys value?
A
use econ methods to calculate, why prosperity depends on flow of eco serv,
18
Q
What is biodiversity
A
variability amongst organisms,three types: 1. species 2. genetic 3. ecosystem
19
Q
how should ecosystem services be thought of in terms of value
A
natural capital not just accounting or econ capital
20
Q
Genetic diversirty
A
genetic variation within species, both through diff popuations and indivs within same pop
21
Q
which is bigger, value of ecosys services or econ accounts
A
ecosys services take into acount loses and values of nature so this is bigger
not seen - it is undervalued
22
Q
Species diversity
A
variety of all species
23
Q
econ value of natural capital
A
approx 33 trillion (big source of variation and error)
24
Q
Ecosystem diversity
A
diff biological communities and their association with abiotic environment
25
why bio diversity imp?
reflects adaptaion (co-evolution)
disease resistance
ecosystem services
26
2 ethical perspectives
anthropocentic and biocentric
| instrumental vs intrinsic
27
global state of bio diversity
declining, approaching 6th mass extinction rates
28
LPI
living plant index
| measured on state of bio divers, based on population trends, indicator used by CBD
29
The econ of ecosystems and biodiversity (TEEB)
Global
address invisibiltiy of nature
include values of ecosys serv to decision making
30
% pop decline ?
58
31
terrestial LPI
Marine LPI
Freshwater LPI
t: -38
m: -36
f: -81
32
Ecosystem valuation
process of expressing value for ecosystem goods and services (usually in money)
33
is instrumental value same as monetary value?
No, often is but not always
| only in one narrow perspective
34
drivers of bio diversity decline?
deforstation, habitat loss, pollution, overexploiting, CC, invasive species
35
can spiritual, cultural and intrinsic values be monitized?
you cna but has pros and cons
36
Planetary boundaries
new approach for defined pre conditions for human development
37
system-level boundaries
resilience and threshold points
38
pros of monetary value of nature
asses contribution of ecosys to social/econ well being
relative impact and alternative actions
aims at internilizing externalities
gives a language people understand (money)
39
planet bounds in danger
```
biochemical flows (N,P)
Genetic diversity
```
40
planet boundaries good
Ozone, Ocean acidification
41
cons of monetary value of natue
services are easier to value/prioritize
subjectivity- value differently
incommensurability- nature cant be reduces to one metric
narrow focus compromises other values
42
planet boundaries increasign risk
CC, Land-system change
43
2 worldviews
dichotomous and holistic
44
roots of conservation
resource degradation and deforestation has been recognized for a long time
45
2 early conservationists
emerson and thordeau
46
Main conservationalists
John Muir
Aldo Leopold
Gifford Pinchott
47
John Muir views
Across most sections
intrinsic value but wants religon out of it
preservation not conservation
father of national parks
48
Gifford Pinchott views
Consrvation
Anthropocentric and Dichotomous
resources gave value to nature
sustainable use
49
Gifford 3 principles
common good
conservation stands for development
efficiency (no waste)
50
Aldo Leopold
```
non-econ , value land not only econ
worried about utilitariism
the land ethic
a sand county almanac
holistic
```
51
Capture value of ecosys services
taxes, Subsidies, Policies, Market-based mechanisms
52
What is PES
Payment for ecosystem services
- users compensate providers
- aims to act as incentive
53
Types of PES
Carbon storage
Hydrological protection
Bio conservation
54
additionality
does it help? does it incentives really? yes it is additional behaviour.
pay to get behaviour wouldnt normally have
55
Keys to PES
```
voluntary transaction
additionality
permanence and oong term stability
spillovers and leakages
oppurtunity cost
```
56
Permanence and long stability
will it last, ongoing funds
57
Leakage and spillovers
indirect effects on things outside of projects itself
58
opportunity cost
forests with FINISH
59
PES user financed
Es user pays ES provider
60
Govt funded
National or local govt pay ES providers
61
Funding tyoes for PES
user financed
| Govt funded
62
Costa Rica
started PES
reduce deforestation
flat rate payment to anyone who conserves the forest
takes into a lot of cons not one specific (water, biodiv, carbonect)
63
Pes Costa Rica outcomes
Helpful and good start but payments low and therefore not super impactful
often paying people who would already do it (no additionality)
64
Taking Root
In Nicaragua, cndn Non profit businus
tries for positive externalities
very impactful
65
Good PES outcomes projects
reduces deforestation and degradation
carbon stocks have grown
increase water quality and quantity
66
Negatives of PES
```
low additionality
tradeoffs btw services
change motivation
bad intentions
equity
transaction cost
```
67
Socio-econ outcomes PES
clarify land tenure for farmers
compensation doesnt cover OC
possible elite capture and greater inequities
68
historical ero american meaning of wilderness
Desrerted, savage, desolate, barren, waste
69
Cronon's argument
1. wildernesss as cultureal invention
| 2. nature vs culture dualty
70
Wilderness as cultural invention
wilderness is a human construct
myth= "untouched"
deriving wilderness myth= place at endge of civil, freer, truer, place to go
71
Nature vs duality (the place where we are not)
```
it is "out there"
divorces understanding of our dependacne and interaction
idea: must protect nature from people
cant see wild in our yards
more mental state
```
72
Wilderness as defined by US wilderness Act (1964)
Untrammpled by man, where man himself is a visitor who does not remain
73
Fortress cons
remove people living in ares in order to protect land or animals
74
Half Earth
save half the earths and focus on most biodiverse lands ect
75
wilderness view as far away
| what world view?
Dichotomous
76
Cronons insights
Replace wilderness with home
| learn live with nature
77
Environ books
Silent Spring (Rachel Carson-1962)
Limits to growth (donella meadows-1972)
Small is beaut.. (Fritz Schaumacher-1974)
Gaia (James lovelock-1979)
78
Ecological Econ
70s and 80s
critique neoclassical
not environ econ
79
Ecol Econ world view (model)
Economy in society in ecosphere
| circles within circles
80
expantionist world view
econ and environ seperate beside circles
81
3 main goals ecological econ
1. Sustainable scale
2. Equitable distribution
3. Efficient allocation
82
How measure econ growth
GDP
83
Expantionist worldview assumptions
econ seperate from environ
unlimited treatment of resources
faith in human tech and ingenity
the end is econ growht
84
Our common future
Brundtland report-1987
environ and develop concerns (one issue)
optimistic with long term solutions
all things looked together (not isolation)
85
what is limits to growth
comp simulation of what world will be
| shows there is a limit and cant just keep rowing
86
Key points of limits to growth
continue how we do we will hit limit in 100 years
we can live sustainably if change
the sooner we change the better
87
Critisisms of limits to growth
underestimates techs role
too pessimistic
natural end is better than interention
88
Key messages to our common future
sustainable development as a framework (three cirlces overlap)
intergenerational equity: meet needs of present wo compromising those of future
environ and econ grwoth can be compatible
alleviate poverty
89
impacts of our common future
new frame for international cooperation
Rio summit 1992- agreed for sustain devel
agenda 21 - global action plan for sustain devel
90
Uneconomic growth
growth that creates more costs than benefits
91
ecological econ see growth as mean or end?
means to an end
| temporary phase
92
ecological econ assumptions
econ embedded in fixed ecosphere
trade-off (econ growth and environ health)
econ growth as a means
LDMR
93
Promethean Growth
| what econ school?
neoclassical
94
Green Growth
| what econ school?
Environ
95
Agrowth
| what econ school?
Ecological
96
Steady State economy
| what econ school?
Ecological
97
Sustainable degrowth
| what econ school?
Ecological
98
Promethean growth
```
capitilist mkt econ
labour, capital, tech drive growth
no limits to growth
faith in tech/human ingenity to solve
trust in future material abundacne
```
99
Green growth
```
growth needs environ and vise versa
sustainbility is compatible with growth
efiiciency, product and innovation
no limits to growth
alternative to traditional eon
```
100
influence of Green growth
promoters: world bank, UNEP
| Track progress through CO2 emission oer unit of GDP ect
101
Agrowth
Mkt econ
shld be indifferent about econ growth
focus on indicators that matter (environ quality, jobs)
Top-down view
102
Steady State Economy
```
Pre-defined sustianable scale
competitve mkt
sustain is uncompat with eon growth
physical limits
sustain growth is contradiction=growth is quantitative, devel is qualitative
growth=means (temporary)
```
103
growth vs development
grow- to get bigger
| develop- gets different
104
Sustainable degrowth
```
govt regualtion
sustain is incomp with econ growth
progress withour econ growth possible
voluntary decerease econ size
live better w less
transition to steady state?
```
105
Ecosystem services
benefit people gain from ecosystems
| used because econ doesnt consider externalities
106
what is ecosystem service appoach?
instrumental
aims at addressing "invisibilty" of nature
recognizing, capturing and demonstrate vlue of ecosys services
107
four catergories of ecosystem services
provisionary
regulating
cultural
supporting
108
provitioning services
directly used by people
| -timber, freshwater, food, fuel, natural medicines
109
regulating services
indirectly used by people
| -climate regulation, crop pollination, erosion control
110
Cultural service
non-consumption use values
| aesthetic, recreation, spiritual, educaitonal
111
supporting
necessary for all other services
| nutrient/water cycling, soil formation, photosynthesis
112
MEA
Millenium Ecosystem Assesment
call for decision makers to thing about ecosys services
impacts (now and future), relationship
113
MEA main findings
24 ecosys services studied, 60% degraded or unsustainably used
past 50 yrs crazy change
114
Existance value
benefit people gain from knowing a a species, habitat ect exists
115
what remain steady in steady state econ?
stocks of natural capital
| pop and econ stay at sustainable scale
