midterm 1 Flashcards

Question

62.What are BC’s five main Geohazards?

Answer 1

``` floods wildfires avalanches debris flow/ landslides earthquakes ```

Answer 2

The entire West Coast of British Columbia is the most vulnerable earthquake zone in Canada, due to the tectonic process of the Juan de Fuca plate subducting under the North American Plate.

Answer 3

Escape religious persecution in Europe and political persecution in Saskatchewan.

Answer 4

A boom and bust cycle is a process of economic expansion and contraction that occurs repeatedly. Theboom and bust cycle is a key characteristic of today's capitalist economies. During the boom the economy grows, jobs are plentiful.

Answer 5

yes. Gold Rush started in the early 1860s. By the end of the 1860s, the gold discoveries were minimal.

Answer 6

The region remained relatively uninhabited until the CNR connected it to the port of Prince Rupert in 1914.

Answer 7

Were it not for the bunchgrass, the cattle drives to the Cariboo during the BC gold rush would not have been possible. Cattle fed on wild bunchgrass that was plentiful from Washington State, through the Okanagan, and along the river valleys of the Nicola, the Fraser and the Thompson River. Came to rely on the nutritious grain to sustain the cattle all the way to the gold diggings in the Cariboo. The problem started to arise as more and more ranchers realized the need to protect grazing areas. It became necessary to move the cattle from one area to another in order that the grass could replenish itself.

Answer 8

Transportation hub of rail lines and highway systems, connecting different regions of BC.

Answer 9

Yes, it is extremely resource dependent and considering the mines that have been closed and also the forest industry downward cycle, it is in the bust part.

Answer 10

There has been an infestation of mountain pine beetle, which has devastated forests, affecting the forest industry, which is already in a serious downward cycle.

Answer 11

Pull factor. One of the first areas outside the lower mainland to expand with the post WWII boom was Kitimat. This planned town was built to house the workers for a new aluminum plant in the early 1950s.

Answer 12

There are few road or rail lines through this area even today, and its growth is tied closely to resource development. The north coast/northwest region is slow growing, and recently, the population has declined.

Answer 13

Wheat farming on the excellent soil and cattle rearing have been the main agricultural activities of the Peace River area. However, agriculture has been difficult because the price of grain has been low consistently, and in 2003 beef industry affected by bovine disease.

Answer 14

The study of processes that create landforms and transform the surface of the Earth.

Answer 15

Igneous rocks (basalt and granite), sedimentary rocks (coal and limestone) and metamorphic rocks (marble)

Answer 16

They are created when molten magma cools and hardens into a solid state. As the temperature drops, crystals of minerals form. If the magma cools fast (over days, years, or even decades) the crystals formed are very small. These quickly cooled rocks are found near the Earth's surface and are known as extrusive volcanic igneous rocks (eg: basalt). Magma that cools tens of kilometers below the Earth's surface may require millions of years to solidify. These rocks are called intrusive or plutonic igneous rocks and are formed of big crystals. (eg: granite)

Answer 17

Basalt is denser than granite since it contains larger proportions of iron and other heavy minerals. Granite is a typical continental rock, while the majority of oceanic rocks are basalt.

Answer 18

Batholith is a huge plutonic masses. Much of the Coast Mountains range of western British Columbia is Batholithic.

Answer 19

- Weathering is the breakdown and transformation of rocks at the Earth’s surface, by the action of rainwater, extremes of temperature, pressure, biological activity, etc. - Weathering modifies rocks, erosion remove rocks and soil from the location.

Answer 20

- Physical Weathering: Is the breaking down of rocks into smaller pieces. It doesn't changes the chemical composition of the rock. - Chemical Weathering: Reactions caused by water that change the chemical composition of the minerals.

Answer 21

Physical Weathering: Freeze-thaw occurs when water continually seeps into cracks, freezes and expands, eventually breaking the rock apart. Chemical Weathering: Hydrolysis - the breakdown of rock by acidic water to produce clay and soluble salts. Oxidation - the breakdown of rock by oxygen and water, often giving iron-rich rocks a rusty-coloured weathered surface.

Answer 22

Fragments of oceanic and continental crust carried by subducting plates (they differ in composition and age).

Answer 23

BC have 5 belts (that are terrane additions that occurred in different times). Foreland, Omineca, Intermontane, Coast and Insular

Answer 24

170 million years old. It was formed when the Omineca belt terrenes collided and started the process of folding and lifting of the now called Rocky Mountains.

Answer 25

Mount Garibaldi, The Castle, Watts Point

Answer 26

Because its a place where tectonic plates (Pacific Plate, North American Plate and JUan de Fuca plate) meet.

Answer 27

Theory that explains the forces that tilt, fold and fracture rocks. The Earth is made of several components. Inner core, outer core, mantel, asthenosphere, lithosphere. Because the asthenosphere is in a semimolten state, convections currents develop. THe moven plumes of molten material put pressure on the rocks above. Each of these regions have different composition: the core is mainly iron, the mantle has large amounts of a rock called peridotite, the continental crust is mostly granite and the oceanic crust is mainly basalt. Where magma finds its way to the surface and splits the lithosphere apart, it creates a divergent boundary or a lift zone. When to plates are forced together, the edges may fracture and buckle, forming mountain ranges. This process is known as orogeny. Sometimes one of the plates, usually a denser, oceanic one,is forced downward and underneath the other. THis process is called subduction. Sometimes plates collide and slip past each other to form transform faults.

Answer 28

BC is between 3 plates North America Plate, Pacific PLate and Juan de Fuca Plate, therefore the geography of BC was a consequence of subduction zone and terranes (Pacific Plate), rift zone (Juan de fuca Plate) and transform faults.

Answer 29

Subduction Zones and Rift zones.

Answer 30

Yes, Because the Pacific Plate is actively moving northward along a transform fault, crating the Stikine Volcanic Belts, the most active volcano region of Canada, with more than 100 volcanoes.

Answer 31

Asthenosphere: is on top of the mantle, is in a semimolten state. Lithosphere: on top of the Asthenosphere, it is solid.

Answer 32

Interior of British Columbia (form the Interior Plateau), the coast of Vancouver Island and the Coast Mountains.

Answer 33

Fraser Glaciation. 75,000 years ago, reaching its peak 18,000 years ago. about 2km

Answer 34

Weather refers to a day-to-day atmospheric conditions. Climate is the long term effect of weather.

Answer 35

because it causes condensation

Answer 36

Warm air has lower pressure than cool air and because of that it rises.

Answer 37

The sun and the Earth tilt.

Answer 38

Westerlies and Jet stream.

Answer 39

Aleutian low (producing cloudy and wet weather) to the north and Pacific High (dry and sunny) to the south.

Answer 40

Because they are in the Pacific Canada Region, in the coast. THe presence of the ocean causes the temperature to be more milde, because water latent heat property. -Elevation, Latitude and oceanic interference.

Answer 41

Vancouver (coastal)= wet because the orographic effect and Aleutian lows. OKanagan (interior) = dry Many mountains wring out most of the moisture. The rugged topography ensures that most of the precipitation falls on the mountain peak. (rain shadow effect).

Answer 42

Rain shadow effect is when a mountains block the passage of rain-producing weather systems and cast a "shadow" of dryness behind them. Orographic effect is when a mass of air is forced to rise because a physical barrier.

Answer 43

Because of the Mountains in Vancouver Island and North Vancouver.

Answer 44

orographic effect

Answer 45

In the early 1900’s, American Landowners sold ten-acre farms mainly to British remittance men from England. Land in the Thompson River Valley was promoted as comparable to that of the Okanogan and the Wenatchee Valley which was known for its reputations for fruit farming. After immigaration began, it was discovered that the area was not actually suitable for fruit tree farming. The area was a desert and the struggle to obtain water for irrigation was ongoing. At the time, it was not possible to pump water in from to Thompson River. OVer 200km of flumes were built to carry water from dammed-up streams. The soil was alkaline and not conducive to fruit tree agriculture. The region was also prone to frosts severe enough to kill fruit trees. Most of the men from Walhachin enlisted in the armed forces during the First World War in 1914 and never returned, the community was abandoned by the 1920s.

Answer 46

``` Risk Assessment: Magnitude/Intensity (Richter scale for earthquakes) Frequency Speed of onset Duration Spatial Pattern ```

Answer 47

Snowmelt (freshet) Flash Floods Ice Jam Flooding (ice sheets become jammed and create dam which holds back water causing flood)

Answer 48

Climate change: warmer temperatures, changes in precipitation patterns Monocrop: lodgepole pine Mountain pine beetle: kill the tree → fuel for fires Many years fighting fires (it is a natural way nature cleans the environment) → building up fuel

Answer 49

Type of snow (hard ice pellets compared to fluffy star shaped snow) Rate of snowfall (2.5 cm/h or more) Terrain/slope (between 30 and 60 degrees slope) Change in temperature (6 degrees C or more per hour)

Answer 50

Map areas with slopes greater than 25º Monitor rate of snowfalls Create models to show the most at risk areas Increase awareness so people respect signs

Answer 51

Debris flows and torrents are a type of gravitational event in which water, mud, rocks, trees, and all nature of debris flow either slowly or very quickly down a stream bed. They are of concern because they can arrive with little to no warning and can be life threatening as well as cause severe damage

Answer 52

along plate margins | Loss of life, as well as financial cost to repair damage

Answer 53

The first humans came from Siberia via the ice bridge of the Bering Sea some 11,000 to 12,000 years ago, when glaciers from the last ice age were receding. A flat plain that extended from Siberia to the Mackenzie delta, known as Beringia.

Answer 54

Along the west coast of BC, it was easy to transport through Pacific Ocean, and Pacific Ocean offers salmons, whales and other animals for food.

Answer 55

Aboriginal societies were based on oral tradition; history, legends, stories, and wisdom were held by the elders and passed on to the next generation.

Answer 56

As the ice melted and receded, the land stabilized and these groups became seminomadic. In other words, though they moved from season to season depending on the availability of resources, they remained within regions and occupied the same sites for hundreds and perhaps thousands of years.

Answer 57

Access of resources.

Answer 58

The Aboriginal means of production was based on very strong ties to the land and its resources, going beyond the basics of food, clothing, and shelter. Native spiritual beliefs, specifically animism, were intimately tied to the land, as was the social and spatial organization of the various peoples. Territorial boundaries based on language group were further defined in terms of ownership by individual houses or clans. Private property was vital, specific items and rights were held in common by the members of each household.

Answer 59

Aboriginal title refers to the inherent Aboriginal right to land or a territory. The Canadian legal system recognizes Aboriginal title as unique collective right to the use of and jurisdiction over a group's ancestral territories.

Answer 60

The potlatch was an extremely important political institution practised almost exclusively by coastal First Nations. It was a form of government that organized and legitimized the decisions each nation made: “Potlatch government business is conducted at feast. The house invites members of other clans to its feasts to witness the decisions taken, and to receive gifts that reinforce cooperation between the various houses. Potlatch feasts are held to commemorate death, to pay debts, to resolve disputes, and to confirm positions within the house leadership. They also provide forum for discussing and resolving community problems. Potlatch feasts are organized according to strict procedures as to invitations, seating, speaking, gift giving, payments, dress and conduct”. Potlatch was symbol of well-organized cultural groups within well-defined boundaries.

Answer 61

All development was carried out in the belief that, because they were the first Europeans in a “new” land, they had the absolute right of ownership of the land. Exploitation of other people, their land, and their resources was justified even when military force was used. It was also a racist view, in which superiority was based on skin colour.

Answer 62

Reterritorialization is the restructuring of a place or territory that has experienced deterritorialization. Deterritorialization is the severance of social, political, or cultural practices from their native places and populations.

Answer 63

1763. The proclamation established a formal process by which Aboriginal peoples received certain rights under British rule. The proclamation stated that First Nation should not be abused, that they should have the right to continue governing themselves, and that they should be compensated for the use of their land.

Answer 64

In the 1850s, European acquired land on southern Vancouver Island through the Douglas Treaties.

Answer 65

In 1899, the signing of Treaty 8, which included the Peace River region of the province, was precipitated by the Yukon gold rush. The Province Government of BC.

Answer 66

Treaties across Canada, reserve size was frequently based on 160 acres per family. In BC, because the provincial government was opposed to increasing reserve land and because there were numerous bands to be considered, the BC government and the federal government agreed on 10 to 20 acres per family.

Answer 67

Diseases: Smallpox was a deadly disease that had devastating consequences for indigenous peoples throughout the world, and the people of the Pacific Northwest did not escape its consequences. It spread overland from Mexico in 1782, killing one-third of affected communities in BC. Measles, Influenza, tuberculosis, malaria, and venereal diseases also accounted for many deaths. Alcoholism: a disease, is noted separately because alcohol was deliberately offered to First Nations as a commodity of trade. The consequence to societies that had no experience of this drug was debilitating and responsible for further death. The reserve system: The system of deliberately confining reserves to small, fixed plots of land seriously restricted the seminomadic hunting and gathering activities that were the foundation of the Aboriginal economy. For societies in which land was integral to the way of life, reserves imposed a major alteration and deterritorialization. Missionaries: encouraged the reserve system because it rendered Aboriginal societies less mobile and thus easier to reach. In partnership with government, missionaries also became responsible for education. The residential school is seen as one of the most devastating institutions imposed on First Nations. Children were separated from their parents and forced to attend schools where their Native languages were forbidden and the educational values were questionable. Sexual abuse within residential schools are horrific.

Answer 68

1912-16 -The frustration for the First Nations in dealing with both levels of government in BC over reserve lands -John McKenna: the federal government. Richard McBride: The premier of the province, represented BC interests.

Answer 69

“Cut-off” means lands that had before 1916 been appropriated by the government for the use and benefit of Indians. Its official mandate included both the expansion and the reduction of reserves, provided that the bands consented. For example, the one reserve within the Vancouver area is the Capilano land of Squamish Indians. A 130-acre piece of land was removed from the reserve on the north shore of Burrard Inlet near the mouth of the Capilano River.

Answer 70

After the WWII, new attitudes toward discrimination against all visible minorities resulted in changes to old policies. Status Indians were allowed to vote provincially in 1949, and by 1951 the bans on the potaltch, dances, and ceremonies were lifted. Residential schools were phased out in the 1960s. by 1988, bands were able to levy taxes on the leased portions of their land and, an 1991, BC finally elected a provincial government that recognized Aboriginal Title.

Answer 71

The Calder Case in 1973, the Nisga’a Tribal Council took the federal government to court, asserting that their Aboriginal title had never been surrendered, or ceded. The Delgamuukw Case in 1997, the Supreme Court of Canada absolutely clear that Aboriginal title means ownership of the land. Court since Delgamuukw have added some clarity to the important issues of Aboriginal title and Aboriginal rights.

Answer 72

Comprehensive land claims conducted on unsurrendered lands within Canada. These are lands not previously subject to treaty. Comprehensive claims give rise to modern treaties in which negotiations can include land, resource management rights, cash compensation, education opportunities, economic development, and other rights and compensation, but initially not self-government. Specific claims are for individual injustices done to specific bands. Cut-off lands, for example, are matters for specific claims.

Answer 73

1993 | It brought modern treaties to BC.

Answer 74

Stage 1: statement of intent by the First Nation to negotiate a treaty. Stage 2: treaty negotiations preparation. Stage 3: Negotiation of a framework agreement. Stage 4: negotiation of an agreement-in-principle. Stage 5: Negotiation to finalize a treaty. Stage 6: treaty implementation.

Answer 75

Tsawwassen First Nation.

Answer 76

The surrounding municipality of Delta, along with farm organizations, were in opposition because the treaty removed 207 hectares from the ALR, and the Tsawwassen will likely convert the land for industrial and commercial uses. Other First Nations in the region also voiced their opposition to the treaty because they believe the Tsawwassen were compensated for Aboriginal title that other bands claim. Commerci al fishers are concerned about the allocation of salmon and fear that other bands on the Fraser will gain similar concessions when they complete their treaties. Opposition when some members voiced concern about the loss of tax exemptions.

midterm 1 Flashcards

(106 cards)