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Biomechanics > Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Bio-mechanics

A

Study of the movement of living things using science of mechanics
(Study of the Human Movement)

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2
Q

How many forces are?

A 
Internal Forces (muscles)
External Forces (collision, landing, wind resistance)
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3
Q

What are we learning in the course?

A

Effect of forces acting on human body

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4
Q

What topics are in bio-mechanics?

A

Rigid Body mechanics
Tissue mechanics
Fluid mechanics

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5
Q

What is Rigid Body?

A

a solid body in which deformation is zero or so small that can be neglected (it cannot be bend or just a little bit) (bones and some segments of the muscles)

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6
Q

Rigid body mechanics

A

assume the bodies are rigid, do not deform under the action of applied forced

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7
Q

2 variables of rigid body mechanics?

A
  • Kinematics

- Kinetics

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8
Q

What is Kinematics?

A

Time, velocity, position, angle, acceleration, etc (to move from point A to B, related to the motion/move)

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9
Q

What is Kinetics?

A

(cause human movement/reaction) Force, Torque, Impulse, Work, Power. Momentum, etc. (on force platform)

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10
Q

Why study Bio-mechanics?

A
  • To improve human performance

- To reduce injury risk

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11
Q

Human performance?

A
  • Improve high achieving athletic performance(better equipment)
  • energy consumption, how to be beneficial
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12
Q

Reduce injury risk?

A

-You can never eliminate all injuries, but you can decrease the potential for injury

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13
Q

Mechanics results from an injury?

A

Bad landing that lead to an ankle/knee/hip injury (

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14
Q

The mechanics that result of an injury

A

changing your gait due to an ankle injury (manner of walking/moving)

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15
Q

Ways to achieve goals (improve performance and reduce injury risk)

A
  • Modify movement technique

- Equipment research and development

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16
Q

Tools and methods used in bio mechanics

A
  • Observation
  • 2D video analysis
  • 3D Motion Capture System (used in movies, like Avatar)
  • Force Platforms
  • Surface EMG (Muscle contractions)
  • Plantar pressure system ( in the shoes under the feet to see where the person put pressure when walking)
  • Inertia Measurement Units (IMU)
  • GPS receiver ( on the ankle, heel strike and footfront strike)
  • Virtual reality system
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17
Q

Footwear Research can help shoes to?

A

-Stabilize ankle
-Keep toe straight
-Mid sole high degree compliance and resilience
EX: Nike Vaporfly 4%(foam, plate, foam, rubber outside of shoe platform)

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18
Q

What is Qualitative Data?

A

-Non numeric (data collected)
-unstructured/semi-structured
EX: Color, religion
-Example in Bio mechanics : observation, notes, image
WE USE IT TO LEARN HOW TO IMPROVE AND WHAT KIND OF MOVEMENTS TO USE

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19
Q

What is Quantitative Data?

A
  • numeric
  • structured
  • ex: height, shoe size
  • Ex in bio mechanics: surveys, experiment
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20
Q

A——-B how many planes?

A

1 plane

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21
Q

C How many planes?

A B

A

2 planes

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22
Q

What are the three motion planes?

A
  1. Sagittal plane /median plane
  2. Transverse plane/horizontal plane
  3. Frontal plane/coronal plane
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23
Q

What are planes of motion?

A
  • planes are two dimensional surface

- Movement occurs inside of plane

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24
Q

What is Axis of Motion?

A

Is the hinge or the pivot point around which movement occurs

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25
What are the three axis of motion?
- Mediolateral Axis(frontal) - Anteroposterior axis(sagital) - Vertical Axis(longitudinal)
26
Flexion and extension at the elbow What is the plane? What is the Axis?
- Sagitall plane | - Mediolateral Axis(frontal)
27
What movement can be done in Sagitall plane (median plane)and what Axis is in it?
-Flexion, Extension -Foot plantar, Flexion and derosiflexion Axis is Mediolateral(frontal)
28
What is Flexion?
Bending Movement, angle between a segment and proximal segment decreases
29
What is Extension?
Straightening movement, angle between a segment and it's proximal segment increases
30
What movement can be done in Trasverse Plane(horizontal plane) and what axis is in it?
-internal, external rotation, horizontal add/adduction | Axis is Vertical(longitudinal)
31
What is External Rotation?
Lateral rotation, limb rotates towards the outside of lateral side of the body
32
What is Internal Rotation?
median rotation, limb rotates towards the mid-line of the body
33
What movement can be done in Frontal plane and what axis is in it?
-Abduction, adduction -Trunk and head, lateral flexion -hand-ulnar and radial deviation Axis is Anterior-Posterior(sagital)
34
Abduction?
Movement away from the mid-line
35
Adduction?
Movement towards the mid-line
36
What can the Hip joint do?
- Flexion-Extension in Sagittal Plane - Abd/ADDuction in Frotal plane - Internal, External Rotation in transverse plane
37
What can the knee joint do?
- Flexion-extension in Sagittal plane | - Internal external rotation in Trasverse
38
What can the ankle joint do?
Plantarflexion, Dorsiflexion in Sagittal plane - Inversion-exvrsion in Frontal plane - Medial-Lateral Rotation in Transverse plane
39
What can the the shoulder joint do?
Flexion-Extension (sagital) Abduction-Adduction (Frontal) Internal-external Rotation (Transverse)
40
What can the wrist joint do?
Flexion-Extension (sagittal) Radial Deviation-Ulnar Deviation (frontal) Supination-Pronation (Traverse, Horizontal)
41
What can the vertebral column do?
Only the Cervical, thoracic and lumbar spine can: Flexion -extension (sagital) Lateral Felxion (frontal) Rotation (transverse)
42
How can a evaluation be done?
- Identify Errors | - Evaluate errors:cause impact, safety
43
What is Kinematics?
Study of the motion without considering what is causing the motion -includes both spatial and temporal characteristics
44
How an observation can be good?
- Looking from the best angle | - How many angles
45
What question needs to be answered before analyzing a movement?
- What is Moving? | - What is it moving in relation to?
46
What is moving?
- Body: the object of analysis - System: the object of analysis that is made up of two or more bodies - Point: A way of representing a body that has no dimension
47
What is it moving in relation?
Frame of Reference: origin, direction(positive or negative)
48
How to establish a frame of Reference?
- Locate and origin - Define an Axis - Specify a positive and negative direction
49
What is a Position (p)?
- an object's location in the frame of reference | - Physical location in space
50
What is a Scalar Quantities?
(termos) Magnitude only: Speed, volume mass, time
51
What is a Vector Quantities?
Magnitude and spatial direction: Velocity, Force and displacement
52
What is a displacement?
- a Straight line (vector) describing motion from one point to another - Straight Line from A to D (if there are points ABCD in |_| lines) The shortest distance is a vector
53
What is a distance?
- a scalar measurement of motion | - The actual line AB+BC+CD
54
Circuit Run?
Displacement s 0 because the runner comes in the same spot
55
When would you be interested in measuring distance?
Scalar quantities
56
When would you be interested in measuring displacement?
vector quantities
57
Rate of change
how quickly a value is increasing or decreasing with time Rate = Δ one quantity/ Δ t -It can be described as a scalar or vector: speed or velocity
58
Speed
-How fast a body is moving with no regard to direction -Measured as the rate of change of distance Speed= distance/change in time = d/Δt -Typical unit: m/s or mi/h
59
Velocity (v)
-How fast a body is moving in a particular direction -Measured as the time rate of change in position V=change in position/change in time = Δp/ Δt -Typical unit: m/s or ft/sec
60
Acceleration (a)
-Change in velocity over time -> Measure of how something is speeding up or slowing down a= change in velocity/change in time = Δv/ Δt= v’/t’= v’-v/t’-t= (m/s)/s=m/s2 -Quantity: vector -Typical unit: m/s supra s= m/s2 -It can be positive, negative or neutral
61
What is Negative Acceleration ?
>slowing down in the positive direction | >speeding up in the negative direction (dropping an object, due to gravity)
62
What is a Slope?
- an incline of a line from the horizontal axis | - it can be positive and negative
63
Which of the following had the greatest displacement?
Initial Position = +20 m; Mid Position = 0 m; Final Position = −20 m
64
Which of the following will lead to the greatest increase in displacement?
increase the change in time; increase the velocity
65
A body’s initial position was +10 m from the origin and its final position was −10 m 1 second later. What was the average velocity during this time?
Negative
66
body’s initial velocity was −20 m/sec and its final velocity was −10 m/sec. What was the average acceleration during this time?
Positive
67
What is represented by the area under a velocity-time curve?
Displacement
68
What happens to the velocity if the acceleration is in the opposite direction of the direction of travel?
It decreases
69
Angela has to sprint 30m to get to the ball. Which kinematic variable is most important to her success?
Acceleration
70
What is represented by the slope of a velocity-time curve?
Acceleration

Biomechanics (1 decks)

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