Midterm 1 Flashcards
1
Q
what is health psychology?
A
combo of educational, scientific and professional contributions of psychology to
1. Promote/maintain good health 2. Prevent/treat illness 3. Identify causes/correlates of health/illness/disease 4. Improve health care systems/policy
2
Q
How to promote good lifestyle?
A
i. Physical Activity
ii. Sleep
iii. Diet
iv. Reduce smoking/alcohol use/substance use
3
Q
Prevent and treat illness
A
i. How to prevent chronic diseases (heart disease/cancers/diabetes)?
ii. How can we maximize quality of life of people who ARE sick?
4
Q
- Identify causes/correlates of health
A
i. Does social isolation increase risk of disease?
Does stress alter susceptibility to disease?
5
Q
Improve healthcare systems/policy
A
i. What impact does the current system have on health behaviors?
How can we improve communication between patients and providers?
6
Q
what is holism and dualism?
A
holism: mind and body are part of the same system
dualism: two separate systems
7
Q
what did eastern and western cultures believe?
A
east: mind and body are more connectd
west: historically we believe that thoughts fall into two separate things *** ask becca
8
Q
what was the view throughout history?
A
greeks: holistic (hippocrates)
middle ages: priests were physicians (holistic under the church
Renaissance: priests treat mind, physicians treat body. Dualism
Modern day: biomedical and biopsychosocial models
9
Q
what were the ideals in prehistoric times?
A
mind and body intertwined
- evil spirits cause ailments
- treatments carried out by shamans (exorcism/prayer)
- making body uncomfortable for spirits (beating/starvation)
10
Q
what is trephination?
A
hole drilled into the skull to let out evil spirits (lots of ppl survived)
11
Q
what happened in ancient greece and rome?
A
origin of western medicine
- Plato: earliest to propose dualism
- MIND BODY PROBLEM: body as a physical being and mind as mental properties
12
Q
who was hippocrates?
A
“father of medicine”
used clinical observations (like heartbeat) to examine a person for symptoms of illness
- proposed HUMORAL theory
-made the first hospital
13
Q
what is the humoral theory of illness?
A
4 humours Blood (cheerfulness) Phlegm: (apathy) Yellow Bile (irritability) Black Bile (sad/depressive)
14
Q
how do you treat excess humours?
A
diet, rest, baths, herbs, regulating environment, change of scenery
IN MIDDLE AGES: bloodletting and leaches
15
Q
what did people believe before the humoral theory?
A
VIDEO Q
that gods were punishing the sick people!
16
Q
who was Claudius Galen?
A
THEORY OF OPPOSITES (influenced by humoral theory)
scientific approach to medicine
- dissected animals and treated injuries of roman gladiators (discoveries about anatomy and localization of disease)
- hypothesis about the heart pumping blood throughout body
- supported by catholics
17
Q
what did people think in the middle ages?
A
catholic church guarded medical knowledge
- supernatural explainations for illness , disease was punishment from god,
priests were physicians
bloodletting to balance humours
DISSECTIONS WEREN’T ALLOWED DURING THIS TIME
- exorcism (just like stone ages)
- torture to drive out spirits
- humors/bloodletting/leaches
- killing witches
- later on: penance through prayer and good works (to give back to make up for your evil spriti
18
Q
what happened in the Renaissance?
A
dualistic (concept of mind and body)
Mind: theologians, priests, philosophers
Body: physicians (only used physical evidence to diagnose)
19
Q
who was rene descartes?
A
Came up with “cartesian Dualism” = the mind and body are separate entities
- father of modern philosophy
- body works like a MACHINE that follows physical laws
allowed dissection on people again
20
Q
what were some technological studies that separated mind from body?
A
Leeuwenhoek (bacteria, microscopic life
Morgagni (anatomical pathology via autopsies)
more labratory and less to mind
21
Q
what is the germ theory of disease?
A
diesases are caused by specific micro-organisms
- biology as the sole cause of disease
- dualism
- reductionism
22
Q
what is a reductionistic view?
A
searching for a ‘magic bullet’ cause for a disease
- pros: get to the main causes fast
- cons: doesn’t tell you how to get better or take in social determinates into account
23
Q
what is the biomedical model and its strengths/limitations?
A
illness is due to bodily dysfunction.
focus on disease rather than wellness
mental/social factors irrelevant
PROS: led to vacines and antibiotics
- fewer deaths due to infectious diseases
- most prevalent cause of death are no longer to acute conditions
CONS:
- doesn’t recognize social/psychological influences
- illness rather than health promotion
- cannot explain puzzling medical observatoins
24
Q
why are accidents going up ?
A
- transport accidents (cars/motorcycles)
- elderly people falling
- overdoses
25
how are patterns of illness changing and what are they changing to?
```
- acute to chronic conditions
slow developing diseases
cannot be cured/only managed
health care costs rise
quality of life decreases
aging population crisis
```
26
who is sigmund freud?
founder of psychoanalysis
-CONVERSION HYSTERIA: unconcious conflicts converted into physical disturbances (if a person could convert this conflict into physical stuff they would be rid of the unconscious conflict
27
what is "glove anesthesia"?
the nerve affected in the hand SHOULD only affect half of the hand, but people report loss of sensation in the whole hand
- psychological explaination for this
28
what was the feild of early psychosomatic medicine like?
psychiatry and psychology
- medical problems believed to be caused by emotional conflicts
- ulcers, hyperthyroidism, arthritis, hypertension, colitis, asthma
conflicts lead to anxiety which produces a physiological effect via the autonomic nervous system
more of a biological side (finding biological mechanisms to explain mind/body connection)
29
who is the founder of the american psychosomatic society?
helen flanders dunbar!
30
what type personality is a risk factor for heart disease?
A!
31
who was Franz Alexander?
developed the 'ulcer prone' personality
- neediness manifests itself as acid in the stomach which led to ulcers?
built on dunbar's ideas
32
what are some critisisms of early psychosomatic medicine?
- simplistic
- not methodologically sound
- just didn't have good research methods: hard to determine how valid a person's statement is
-CURRENT STATE influences how they REMEMBER PAST experiences (i.e. childhood trauma etc.)
but it DID lay the groundwork for biopsychosocial model
33
what were the discoveries thoughout the 20th century?
30s-70s: stress on physiological systems (immunology)
70s: health psych and behavioral medicine emerged as fields.
representing physical health
today: active feild that has teaching/training and practice policy (to shape and improve care for society)
34
what are characteristics of the biopsychosocial model
macro and micro level processes
multiple factors influencing health/illness
mind and body are part of the same system
health and illness
35
compare the biomedical and biopsychosocial models
look in ur notes lecture 3
36
why is health psyc needed?
- patterns of disease are changing
- psych and social influences on health
diseases now take YEARS to develop, so there is a lot of opprotunity for change over someone's life (health habits and whatnot)
biggest deaths: cancers/heart disease, other/accidents
37
what are health disparities?
```
socioeconomic status
ethnicity/race
gender
sexual minorities
rural/urban
```
38
what is the whitehall study?
```
michael marmot over 40 years studied the effect of job ranking and stress. lower class in your job makes you 3x as liekly to DIE
its a stepwise/heirarchical positioning
```
39
what are health behaviors?
promoting behaviors
- physical activity
- fruit and veggie consumption
- sleep habits
- adherence to medical regimens
risk:
smoking, drinking, poor eating, obesity
40
how many canadians smoke?
almost 20% over the ages of 12
41
what has been found about the percentage of physically active canadians?
no interventions have worked, its the same physical activity over the years (2/10 adults and 1/10 kids getting enough exercise)
42
what is happening to our population?
its AGING
| seniors will outnumber children
43
what is the definition of lonliness?
feelings of isolation, disconnectedness and not belonging
- ones desired and actual relationships
- not always the same as being alone
44
what is the theory of loneliness and health?
lonliness affects how you percieve and act which in turn affects your health
lonliness increases risk of early diesase, early mortality, poor health behaviors and the likelihood of being obese
- when someone is lonely they become attuned to threats in their environment and maybe even look for something negative i.e. thinking your partner is mad at you and then interpreting their words as aggressive
45
what is a theory?
set of ideas that provides framework for asking questions, gathering info and interpreting a phenomenon
46
whats a hypothesis?
specific predicitons about a phenomenon, based on a theory
replication is super duper important!
47
what is reliability vs. validity
reliability: consistency (precision) will the person get the same response under the same conditions
validity: measuring what you intend to measure (accuracy) are you measuring something else
48
what are the different types of experiments?
```
experimental
- controlled
- randomized
correlation
- cross sectional
- longitudinal
```
49
whats an experiment to do with loneliness?
hypothesis: lonlier people will produce more inflammation when faced with a stressor.
134 participants and were given stressors (speech, mental math) and then had their blood drawn, lonely people were much more stressed in the task.
50
pros and cons of experimental methods?
pros
can draw casual conclusions
well controlled
- can manipulate stress well
cons
not always relevant to real life (i.e. in the stress test how often does your stress actually equal presentation o r mental math stress)
can't always manipulate ind variables (age, sex, personality)
51
whats correlational methods?
relationships between variables (positive, negative) correlation coefficients
ideal for studying phenomena that can't be manipulated for practical or ethical reasons
52
what is cross sectional research?
| pros/cons?
a person is assessed once and comparisons are made between people
pros: less expensive, faster
cons: can't determine cause and effect cause variables are measured at the same time/ so many 3rd variable issues
53
whats longitudinal research?
| pros/cons?
same people assessed over more than one time (weeks/months/years)
naturally occuring experiences
predictors/consequences of events
pros: can determine order of evends
can examine changes across time within same ppl
```
cons: costly and time consuming
biased sample (educated ppl signing up)
attrition (dropouts)
can't draw causal conclusions
cant rule out confounding variables
```
54
whats an example of a londitudinal study that we talked about in class
loneliness will predict a greater risk of death across 6 years
1604 participants over 60 years of age
3 questions from the UCLA loneliness scale, death determined by family and national death index
FOUND: lonely adults had a greater risk of death over 6 years
55
whats a health habit?
firmly established heath related behaviors
- automatically perfomed without awareness
developed in childhood
resistant to change
56
when can you modify a health habit?
TEACHABLE MOMENT; certain times are better for forming good health practices
- brushing at the dentist
- stop smoking during pregnancy
- commit to changing diet /exercise after a diagnosis
57
what is the prevention pyramid?
primary: health promotion and addressing risk factors, scocial and genetic factors. in the well population
secondary: people at risk, screening of an at risk individual, control of risk factors and early intervention
tertiary: rehabilitation, preventing complications and improving quality of life for people with a health problem . !!
58
What is the Health Belief Model?
Beliefs determine whether people will practice a health behavior. 2 types of beliefs
1) Perceived threat
- How serious
- How vulnerable am I?
- Cues/Reminders about the health problem
2) Perceived effectiveness
- Benefits vs. Barriers
(how much will you benefit vs. how hard is this to carry out)
59
use the health behavior model in the context of sleep.
1) How serious is a lack of sleep?
How vulnerable am I to sleep problems, do they affect me?
Are there reminders in my environment telling me I'm not having good sleep patterns
What are the benefits of more sleep/better sleep?
How hard is it to get more sleep/better sleep?
60
what are the limitations of the health beliefs model?
doesn't consider self efficacy, and does not account for habitual behaviors
61
What is the Theory of Planned Behavior?
Intentions determine health behaviors (most important thing to do is to predict intentions)
3 components
1) ATTITUDES
How likely is the outcome?
Is the outcome rewarding?
2) SUBJECTIVE NORMS
Normative beliefs (what society/people think)?
Motivation to comply (ho much do you care about what people think)
3) PERCIEVED CONTROL
Self efficacy: belief of being able to carry out a behavior
62
Use the theory of planned behavior to talk about dieting
```
Attitudes:
How likely is it that if i diet i will lose weight
How much does losing weight give me reward?
Norms
My family thinks i should lose weight
I care what my family thinks
Percieved control
I can do this
```
63
what study looked at applying the theory of planned behavior to exerciese?
maintenance of physical activity was looked at in a study in england: participants answered questionarres at baseline and then their attendance was tracked for 12 weeks
Questions about attitude, norms, self efficacy, intention
found: self efficacy was the most important factor for predicting their intentions and actual behavior
exercise habits developed after 5 weeks
64
what are the limitations to the theory of planned behavior?
- how much do intentions REALLY lead to behavior? gaps can be reduced by making PLANS to deal with setbacks
people with backup plans are better
too much emphasis on CONCIOUS decision making - a lot of our behaviors aren't really that concisous
65
What is the Stages of Change Model? (or transtheoretical model)
People go through stages when trying to change their Health Behaviors
- interventions need to be matched to each stage
Stages are spiral in process, can go backwards and you can enter/exit at any stage.
1) Pre-contemplation: unaware of problem, no plan for action
2) Contemplation: aware of problem, starts to consider pros/cons
3) Preparation: intend to change HB, may take small steps
4) Action: commits to doing behavior
5) Maintenance: sustained for 6 months and is working to prevent relapse
66
what is the 6th stage of the transtheoretical model?
termination: person is not tempted and is sure they will not return to past unhealthy habit
PSYCHOLOGISTS ARE TORN ON THIS SUBJECT!!
67
What is the Learning Model?
Operant conditioning: automatic decision making without awareness
- pairing voluntary behavior with consequences
- positive/negative reinforcement
- positive/negative punishment
68
who is Albert Bandura?
psychologist at standford, he said you can learn from observing others behaviors and consequences
you are more likely to learn if the person you are learning from is similar to yourself
69
what is the problem with chronic conditions?
```
inability to cure
increased healthcare cost
half of all deaths are caused by preventable behaviors
- growing problem of obesity
- need to prevent chronic conditions
```
70
what are the different types of risk factors for cardiovascular disease?
nonmodifiable ones: age, sex, FM history of CVD
Behavioral risk ones: smoking, diet, sedentary lifestyle
socioeconomic and cultural determinants
these lead to physiological risk factors such as hypertension, cholesterol, diabetes and obesity
71
what is obesity defined as?
BMI of 30 or higher
72
what is BMI?
body mass index: weight in relation to height HOWEVER ti doesn't take into account how different fats are worse for you and its bad for athletes and such (variation among ethnic groups)
73
what is the BRFSS?
behavioral risk factor survielance system
- telephone survey conduced by CDC for self reported health/weight data
- started in 1985, modified methods to cell phones in 2011
74
what is the intetion behavior gap and how can we bridge it?
gap between wanting to do a HB and actually doing it. this "gap" not addressed by other theories. to bridge the gap is the HAPA method
75
what is the HAPA method?
health action process approach
- ralf schwarzer
split up into two separate processes
1) Motivation (everything before a behavior has begun,developing the intention to change)
2) Volition: change must be planned, initiated, maintained and managed relapses
- self regulation is huge for this. Intention has been created now must be planned!
76
how is the hapa used as a continuum model?
important for predicting intentions and HB change
Motivation phase: self efficacy + outcome expencances + risk perception = intentions
volitional phase:
maintaining self efficacy + planning = behavior!
77
what is knee osteoarthritis?
a chronic medical condition that makes it hard to maintain physical activity. muscle degradation, destabilization, cartilage in knee joins wearing away, stiffness and pain which leads to avoidance of more physical activity
78
what are "beliefs about the positive and negative outcomes of behaviors?
outcome expectancies
79
how is the HAPA a stage model?
important for planning intervention and tailoring support
- pre intentional (have they formed an intention?
- intentional (have they planned how to implement that intention?)
- actional (are they performing that behavior)
SEE SLIDES LECTURE 7
80
where are intervention types more effective?
risk and resource communication: preintentional
strategic planning: intentional
relapse prevention: actional
81
what is a study that used the HAPA method as intervention?
240 participants assigned to control/intervention group
-intervention was an hour of face-face and 4x 30 minute phone calls
2 year study (4 follow up visits)
intervention:
1) outcome expectancies
2) self efficacy
3) goal setting
4) planning
82
how do you assess outcome expectancy?
what are the pros/cons
- if ppl find more pros, move onto the next stage (goal setting)
- if find more cons, find activities for when cons do not apply
83
how do you increase self eficacy?
recall times when they did things with positive experiences/outcomes
i.e. physical exercise as been benefitial to ppl at some points in their lives and have succeeded before
84
how to help people set goals?
testimonials from people in their demographic
85
how do you help people plan?
set specific action plans
If..then.. statement
Connection between situation and behavior = habit!
i.e. say I will go for a 4 mile run after dinner on wednesdays
86
what are important factors for planning?
specificity
Does your behavior lead to goal fufilment (eating a donut doesn't help you lose weight)
DO you have the resources to carry out plans (money/time etc.)
87
what does the new canada food guide implement?
```
less "serving size" based
no "meat" category
trying to link health and nutrition
frozen/canned veggies are okay too sometimes
easier for canadians to access
```
88
what does the canadian food guide say is important to do for eating healthy?
- be mindful of eating habits
- cook more often
- enjoy your food
- eat meals with others
- use food labels
- limit sodium, fats, sugars
- be aware of marketing
- minimize processed foods
89
what are the cons of the new canada food guide?
not very specific
too much focus on the individual
unrealistic in our day to day lives
90
what is canada's reccomended phycial activity ?
150 mins of mod/vigourous aerobic activity per week in 10+ minute bouts
bone and muscle strengthening 2/week
91
what does physical activity reduce the risk of?
obesity, type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure, heart disease, stroke, cancers, osteoporosis
- especially colon stuff
- reduces body fat and insulin levels
- reduces risk of chronic inflammation
- repairs your DNA
-reduced stress and mood
-better academic performance in kids and confidence
-social benefits
(better to do in the evening for these benefits)
92
how does sedentary activity increase risk of disease?
prolonged sitting can involve metabolic functioning issues (insulin is less effective at regulating blood glucose)
when you eat, glucose increases and pancrease secretes insulin and tells your body to eat the glucose (insulin resistance is also related to poor sleep)
93
why is prolonged standing a problem?
back and joint pain, muscle stiffness, leg swelling, varicose veins
- Canadian community health survey 2003 said workers 9% had standing jobs and 37% had sitting jobs
- across 12 years heart disease was more likely in standing workers!!!!
94
what are the benefits of taking breaks and moving frequenty?
better metabolic outcomes like lower body mass index and lower blood glucose
95
does physical activity offset risks of sitting too long?
people who were physically active (in a study of 1m ppl) sitting time was not associated with increased mortality
PHYSICAL ACTIVITY SHOULD BE INCORPORATED WHETHER YOU ARE SITTING A LOT OR ONLY A LITTLE
96
why is good sleep important?
reduced disease risk (Cardiovascular, cancer, hypertension, diabetes, pain, depression, obesity)
- eliminates toxins, repairing tissues
- increase of accidents and impulsive behaivor if you don't sleep (makes you less inhibited)
- mood/psychological functioning (bidirectional: if you are sad you have sleep disturbance but if you are sleep deprived you can be sad)
- interpersonal relationships (likely to argue with partner SLANGRY)
- quality of life: saying no to things because you're too tired
97
what is SATED?
satisfaction: self reported
alertness: refreshing
timing: more important for wake time rather than bedtime
efficency: aim for 85-95%
duration
98
what controls your sleep?
1) homeostatic sleep drive (process S)
- the longer you are awake the sleepier you are
- accumulation of sleep inducing substances such as melatonin (signals for you to go to sleep)
```
2) Circadian Rhythm (process C): internal biological clock that regulates wakefulness during the day
dips around 2-4am and 1-3pm
- regulation of body's patterns
-governed by the SCN in hypothalamus
-fluctuates
```
99
what is melatonin good for?
getting over jet lag/shift workers
| not as good for insomnia
100
what are photosensitive retinal ganglion cells?
they detect brightness in the surroundings and send info through optic nerve to the SCN in hypothalamus
101
what happens to your circadian rhythm in the dark vs. in periods of weird light
stays the same in total darkness, with the wrong light its all messed up
102
what disrupts your circadian rhythm?
- jet lag
- social jet lag (sleeping in): staying up late on the weekend and waking up early during the week (tend to do worse in school)
- irregular wake times
- too little light at day
- too much light at night
103
what are the stages of sleep and their characteristics?
1: light sleep about 7 minutes, drifting in and out of sleep
2: 20 minutes, light sleep, sleep spindles and k complexes, body is reducing activity and preparing for sleep (heart rate slows, metabolisms slows)
3&4: slow delta wave sleep people in much deeper sleep, restorative processes happening. sleepwalking around stage 3.
REM: looks like they're awake, first enter about 90 minutes in, 1st may only last around 10 mins but longer as you cycle through
MEMORY CONSOLIDATION AND DREAMING
- muscles are paralyzed to protect u from acting out ur dreams
104
how does sleep change as we age?
when youre a baby, you spend almost 1/ 2 time in REM sleep, still really important for youth/kids
as you get older you spend less time in REM sleep. older adults spend more time in 1 and 2
105
what is sleep latency, waso and sws?
time it takes to fall asleep, wake after sleep onset, slow wave sleep
106
how is chronic insomnia characterized?
difficulty falling asleep, staying asleep or getting good sleep 3 nights per week for the past 3 months
30% have symptoms
10% are diagnosed chronic
107
what are the three types of behavioral perspectives of insomina?
predisposing: things we don't have control over
-personality (high in
neuroticism, prone to neg emotions)
-hyperarousal
-genetics
-chronotype (night owl)
precipitating:
- new job/stress
- family stress
- illness/injury
perpetuating
- poor sleep habits
- worrying
- medications
- caffeiene
- alcohol
LOOK AT GRAPH IN LECTURE 8
-predisposing factors aren't enough to be diagnosed past threshold
108
how do you promote good sleep behaviors?
medications can work short term but long term need to address habits
- limit amount of wake time in bed
(only for sleeping and intimacy)
-reassociate bed with onset of sleep
- keep a fixed wake time (leads to consistent bed times)
- use bed for sleep
- sleep nowhere else except bedroom
- if still awake after 15 minutes, leave the bedroom
- return when sleepy
- keep naps 30 mins before 3pm
- bright light in the morning
109
what are the types of dependance for substance use disorders?
Physical: body has adapted to substance
-tolerance and withdrawl
Psychological dependance: repeated desire (cravings)
A substance use disorder is a problematic pattern of substance use that affects daily life (safely, social relationships, legal trouble)
110
what leads to dependence?
```
Genetic/neurochenical influences (dopamine)
Social learning (family, peers, TV, ads)
Positive/negative reinforcement
Personality traits (risk taking)
```
111
what is the leading cause of preventable premature deaths in canada?
premature smoking!
112
how many men and women smoke tobacco worldwide?
1 billion men
250 million women
but prevalance has gone down since 1965
113
what makes adolescents more likely to start smoking?
- having a parent who smokes
- feeling pressure to smoke
- major family stress
- lower socioecomonic status
- feeling that smoking isn't harmful
114
what is nicotine's effects?
1. arouses the brain
2. increases heart and blood pressure
3. relaxes muscles and triggers neurotransmitter release at high levels
4. reduces circulation
5. suppresses appetite
- adrenal glands release adrenaline and epinephrine
- epinephrine activates sypathetic nervous system
115
what is tobacco a risk factor for?
6 of 8 leading causes of death in the world
- ischameic heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, lower respiratory infections, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, tuberculosis, trachia/bronchus, lung cancers
116
what is COPD?
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
- chronic bronchitis (inflammation of bronchial lining)
- emphysema (destruction of air sacs in the lungs)
4th leading cause of death in canada
smokers have 13x greater risk of copd
117
what is a spirometry?
lung functioning test in which you blow into
118
what was a study that researched the proportion of people with COPD?
Copenhagen city heart study over 8000 adults
- the longer you smoke, the higher your risk for COPD is: they followed people over the course of 25 years (never smoked, quitters, smokers)
119
what works for quitting smoking?
- mostly on your own after numerous attempts
- brief clinical interventions (doctors)
- counselling/psychotheraby (cognitive behavioral cessation therapies)
- medications
combo is better than anything!!
120
what is the cognitive behavioral strategy to quite smoking?
1. pick a quit date (must be in contemplation stage)
2. pick a buddy
3. motivational enhancement (why quit) - motivational interviewing: non judgemental listening
4. positive reinforcement for making progress
5. Stimulus control (remove triggers)
6. Cognitive reframing (slip vs. failure)
121
what are medications for smoking cessation?
1. Nicotine Replacement Therapy (controlled doses to reduce withdrawl: physical dependance)
2. Zyban/Bupropion: low dose antidepressant and nicotinic antagonist (blocks nicotonic receptors which makes it NOT AS PLESURABLE TO SMOKE)
3. champix/varenicline: blocks nicotine receptors and reduces cravings/withdrawl
MOST EFFECTIVE
122
why does zyban work?
it makes smoking not as pleasurable
123
what did a meta analysis say is the best method for quitting smoking?
chantix: smokers 3x as likely to quit than placebo
124
how many canadians over the age of 15 have tried ecigs?
15%!
125
do students think they are at risk for ecigs?
grades 7-9 believe there is a risk
| grades 10-12 believe less of a risk
126
what is heavy drinknig?
4+/5+ drinks per occcasion at least once a month (female/male)
127
what are the potential benefits of moderate alcohol use?
1/2 drinks a day could protect against heart disease by increasing HDL cholesteral, increases insulin sensitivity: better at getting cells to eat ur glucose
BENEFITS MAY NOT APPLY TO EVERYONE: DON'T START DOING THIS IF YOU DON'T ALREADY DRINK
-there are more risks to drinking
128
whats the DSM
what psychologists use to diagnose disorders
129
what are 3 medications for alcoholism?
1. Disulfiram (antabuse)
- makes you super sick when you drink
- doesn't treat cravings
- operant conditioning
2. Acamprostate (Campral)
- restores balance of NT in brain to reduce dependance
- doesn't make you sick
- doesn't stimulate the pleasure pathway as much
- NOT FOR PPL going through withdrawl
3. Naltrexone: blocs opiod receptors that are involved in rewarding effects of drinking and the CRAVINGS for alcohol
- shouldn't be taken when on opiod meds
130
whats the downside of taking meds for alchoholism?
ppl can just stop taking them whenever they want
131
what are psychosocial treaments for alcoholism?
1. AA
| 2. Cognitive behavioral Programs
132
what is AA?
12 step program
- abstinence from alcohol
- acknowledge incurable problem
- seek strength from higher power
- make amends
- help (sponsor) other alcoholics
133
is there evidence for AA's effectiveness?
it varies across the board
observational studies say yes
experimental studies say there is no evidence compared to other psycho social treatments
EFFECTIVE PARTS
- commitment to others
- social support
- sense of purpose
- spiritual awakening
134
what are cognitive behavioral programs for treating alcoholism?
- to control drinking not abstain from it
- identify situations that are your triggers
- motivational enhancement/interviewing (strengthen self efficacy)
- stress management to reduce drinking
- learning skills for high risk scenarios (i. substituting none alcoholic drinks, ii. alternating alcoholic/non, iii. learning to refuse drinks
135
what percentage of obese people have a healthy metabolism?
| how much of the population has an unhelathy metabolism?
20%!
| 60%!
