Midterm 1

Question 1

Biochemistry

Answer 1

The study of life and how it is assembled from building blocks

Question 2

Composition and function of ribosomes

Answer 2

• RNA and proteins

- Protein synthesis

Question 3

Composition and function of the nucleoid

Answer 3

• DNA and proteins

- Genetic information

Question 4

Composition and function of the cell membrane

Answer 4

• Lipids and proteins

- Permeability barrier

Question 5

Composition and function of the cell wall

Answer 5

• Carbohydrates and proteins

- Mechanical support

Question 6

Living matter is characterized by:

Answer 6

1. A high degree of complexity and organization
2. The extraction of energy
3. Interactions between individual components
4. Sensing changes to surroundings
5. Self replication

Question 7

Dynamic steady state

Answer 7

Living organisms exist in a dynamic steady state and are never at equilibrium with their surroundings

Question 8

Thermodynamics: No energy exchange, is this a closed or open system?

Answer 8

Isolated

Question 9

Thermodynamics: Energy exchanged but not matter, is this a closed or open system?

Answer 9

Closed

Question 10

Thermodynamics: Energy and matter are exchanged, is this a closed or open system?

Answer 10

Open

Question 11

Are living organisms are closed or open system?

Answer 11

Open

Question 12

Amino acids make up ____

Answer 12

Proteins

Question 13

Nucleic acids make up ___

Answer 13

DNA or RNA

Question 14

Sugars make up ___

Answer 14

Polysaccharides

Question 15

Entropy

Answer 15

The randomness or disorder of a system

ex. Proteins —> amino acids
Nucleic acids –> DNA

Question 16

Energy coupling

Answer 16

Allows living organisms to transform matter into energy

Question 17

Catabolism

Answer 17

Pathways that degrade organic nutrients into end products that extract energy or precursors for other molecules

Question 18

Anabolism

Answer 18

Pathways that take small molecules and progressively turn them into larger molecules

Question 19

Metabolism

Answer 19

The overall network of both pathways

Question 20

How is metabolism regulated?

Answer 20

1. Allosteric interactions

2. Changes in gene expression

Question 21

Urey Miller Experiment

Answer 21

Hypothesis: organisms can form from simple molecules

Early biochemical life likely arose through the formation of organic molecules from simple gases

Question 22

Where did new cellular metabolic functions arise?

Answer 22

Endosymbiosis of bacteria (now mitochondria)

Question 23

Biological catalyst

Answer 23

• Enzymes

Reduce energy requirement for reactions while offering specificity

Question 24

Polar molecules

Answer 24

Dissolve readily in water since they replace water-water interactions
(Hydrophilic)

Question 25

Non- polar molecules

Answer 25

Do not dissolve in water since they interrupt water-water interactions but don't form interactions of their own with water (Hydrophobic)

Question 26

Weak interactions among biomolecules

Answer 26

- Hydrogen bonding - Van der Waals forces - Hydrophobic interactions

Question 27

Keq equation

Answer 27

Products / Reactants

Question 28

Keq > 1

Answer 28

Reaction favours products

Question 29

Keq < 1

Answer 29

Reaction favours reactants

Question 30

pH definition

Answer 30

The negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration

Question 31

What determines a protein's function and shape?

Answer 31

pH

Question 32

Buffering region

Answer 32

The centre of the titration curve where the pH changes the least upon addition of H+ or OH1

Question 33

Buffer

Answer 33

An aqueous system that resists changes to pH when small amounts of H+ or OH- are added

Question 34

Henderson Hasselbalch equation

Answer 34

pH = pKa + log [A-]

Question 35

Nonpolar and aromatic amino acids abbreviation

Answer 35

Grandma Always Visits London In May For Winston's Party Yearly

Question 36

Polar amino acids abbreviation

Answer 36

Santa's Team Crafts New Quilts

Question 37

Charged amino acids abbreviation

Answer 37

Dragons Eat Knights Riding Horses

Question 38

G

Answer 38

Gly

Question 39

A

Answer 39

Ala

Question 40

V

Answer 40

Val

Question 41

L

Answer 41

Leu

Question 42

I

Answer 42

Ile

Question 43

M

Answer 43

Met

Question 44

F

Answer 44

Phe

Question 45

W

Answer 45

Trp

Question 46

P

Answer 46

Pro

Question 47

Y

Answer 47

Tyr

Question 48

S

Answer 48

Ser

Question 49

T

Answer 49

Thr

Question 50

C

Answer 50

Cys

Question 51

N

Answer 51

ASN

Question 52

Q

Answer 52

Gln

Question 53

D

Answer 53

Asp

Question 54

R

Answer 54

Arg

Question 55

E

Answer 55

Glu

Question 56

H

Answer 56

His

Question 57

K

Answer 57

Lys

Question 58

Protein domains

Answer 58

Distinct functional units within proteins. Often can exist apart from the rest of the protein structure

Question 59

If delta G is negative _

Answer 59

The reaction is exergonic and products are favoured

Question 60

If delta G is positive ___

Answer 60

The reaction is endergonic and reactants are favoured

Question 61

The effects of a catalyst

Answer 61

Increase reaction rate of a chemical reaction

Question 62

Coenzyme

Answer 62

A transient carrier of a specific functional group

Question 63

Gibbs free energy equation

Answer 63

G = H - TS