Midterm 1

Question 1

big 5 personality traits

Answer 1

Openness 
Conscientiousness 
Agreeableness 
Extraversion/I
Neuroticism

Question 2

2 basic assumptions of personality psychology

Answer 2

1- it is about understanding basic human nature

2- it is about understanding individual differences

Question 3

self determination theory

Answer 3

stresses on 3 main needs: 
autonomy 
competence 
relatedness 
3 needs all exist on the same plane

Question 4

bystander effect

Answer 4

the presence of others discourages an individual from intertwining in an emergence situation
diffusion of responsibility

Question 5

interaction effect

Answer 5

refer to the interaction of 2 variables that will have an effect on some other factor
(behaviour is the result of interaction between the person and the situation)

Question 6

Willam James Multiple senses of self

Answer 6

the sense of self changes with changes in both environment. and the people around

Question 7

phenomenal self

Answer 7

the small portion of self knowledge that is the current focus of awareness AKA spontaneous self concept

Question 8

what is the phenomenal self also known as

Answer 8

spontaneous self concept

Question 9

distinctiveness theory

Answer 9

a person notices their distinctive traits and personality characteristics more readily bc of their greater information richness and value for discriminating self from others

Question 10

How person X situation interact

Answer 10

1. Same environment/situation can elicit different responses in different people
2. People select themselves into different situations
3. People create situations

Question 11

dynamic self concept

Answer 11

self is a collection of representations/schemas/beliefs about the self. some are core, some are peripheral (not as important), some are contradictory (show depending on the environmental context)

Question 12

working self concept

Answer 12

the set of representations that is accessible at any given moment

Question 13

core self

Answer 13

conceptions are imbedded in a context of more tentative self conceptions that are tied prevailing circumstances

Question 14

accessibility

Answer 14

activation potential of available knowledge

Question 15

accessibility is a fct of

Answer 15

frequently activated and more recently activated knowledge (recency), other nodes activated if connected strongly to the node activated

Question 16

contextual activation

Answer 16

different contexts will activate different versions of the self

Question 17

schemas

Answer 17

mental template that we use to organize and make sense of the world

Question 18

schema influences

Answer 18

attention
absorption of knowledge
bias for schema consistency

Question 19

self schema

Answer 19

cognitive generalization about the self derived from past experience that organize and guide the processing of self-related information contained in the individual’s social experience

Question 20

integration

Answer 20

self concept clarity : extent to which self beliefs are clearly and confidently defines internally consistent and stable and that here is a core
self discrepancies: is the extent to which one’s actual self is consistent with “ideal” and “ought” standards of one’s own and of others

Question 21

differentiation

Answer 21

our self representations can differ in the # of self aspects and the degree of differentiation between these aspects (essence of theory of self complexity)

Question 22

theory of self complexity

Answer 22

higher self complexity is reflected in a larger associative network, while in an individual with lower self complexity the associative network is smaller and more interconnected

Question 23

Associative network

Answer 23

Associative network memory model is a conceptual representation that views memory as consisting of a set of nodes and interconnecting links where nodes represent stored information or concepts and links represent the strength of association between this information or concepts.

Question 24

self aspects are activated in the context of relevant experiences which impact how the self is viewed. the 2 major implications are

Answer 24

spillover

affect extremity hypothesis

Question 25

spillover

Answer 25

co-activation of related self aspects is more likely to occur in lower complexity networks

Question 26

affect extremity hypothesis

Answer 26

individuals with lower self complexity will experience greater swings in affect

Question 27

cognitive buffer

Answer 27

Supports self complexity buffering hypothesis; vulnerability to stress-related depression and illness due in part to self-complexity—organization of self-knowledge

Question 28

compartmentalization

Answer 28

keep positive and negative information about the self in different categories

Question 29

self reference effect

Answer 29

the phenomenon that words encoded in relation to the self are remembered better than words encoded at a superficial level or in relation to another person

Question 30

mechanism underlying cultural influences on the self are

Answer 30

mimicry and imitation observational learning anxiety reduction

Question 31

social learning

Answer 31

the process of acquisition of social norms and values