midterm 1 Flashcards
(281 cards)
1
Q
solid def of politics
A
“who gets what, when, how?” Lasswell (1946)
2
Q
civil society
A
intermediary positions between the individual and the stae
3
Q
what was the study of politics before the 19th century?
A
study of values; philosophy
4
Q
end of ideology theory (Bell, 1960; Fukuyama, 1992)
A
liberal democratic values have gradually assumed a position of dominance across the world
5
Q
Gamble’s (2000) argument means that globalization signals the end of ____ ____ (causing shrinking of politics)
A
national autonomy
6
Q
crisis of politics
A
declining political participation and the emergence of an anti-politics discourse in Western democracies
7
Q
anti-politics
A
distrust of career politicians, a rejection of partisan politics as embodied in dominant party system, a disengagement with mainstream politics and a turn to populism
8
Q
politics is usually predicated on the existence of _____ ______ and ____ in all societies of any complexity
A
competing interests and values
9
Q
politics is likely _____ because all societies contain _____ that have to be tackled in some way
A
inevitable; differences
10
Q
‘endism’ proclaims the dominance of ___ ___ ___, but this cannot be sustained in the face of ongoing ____ conflicts around the world.
A
liberal democratic values; ideological
11
Q
Aristotle (384–322 BC) argued that a symbol of good government was the….
A
degree to which the rulers ruled in the interests of all and not a sectional interest
12
Q
Aristotle has a ___-fold classification system with ___ proper forms of govt and ___ deviant forms of govt
A
6; 3; 3
13
Q
Aristotle’s preferred form of govt was a ____
A
monarchy
14
Q
Aristotle regarded democracy as a ____ form of govt because it constituted _____ ____
A
deviant (however he considered it the least bad); mob rule
15
Q
power
A
able to cause those without power to behave in a way they would not otherwise have done
16
Q
authority
A
legitimate power in the sense that rulers can produce acceptance by the ruled, not because they can exercise coercion but because the ruled recognize the right of the rulers to exercise power
17
Q
goal of rulers should be to convert ____ into _____
A
convert power into authority
18
Q
Assuming differences of values and interests, politics becomes a study of ….
A
which values and interests come to dominate, who is responsible for these decisions, and with what justification.
19
Q
Politics involves the exercise of power, but issues of ____ and ____ moderate the manner in which it is exercises
A
authority and legitimacy
20
Q
narrow understanding of politics focuses with on activities of….
A
the state and the public realm, or with a particular type of decision-making based on building compromise and consensus.
21
Q
highest form of authority in a society
A
state
22
Q
Max Weber (1864–1920), the ____ has a ‘monopoly of the ____ use of physical force in enforcing its order within a given territorial area’
A
state; legitimate
23
Q
The state is ____in the sense that it is the supreme law-making body within a particular territory.
A
sovereign
24
Q
difference between state and govt
A
state is a much larger entity, containing not just political offices but also bureaucratic institutions, the judiciary, military, and police and security services
25
main question of political obligation
why should be obey the state?
26
concern of freedom
what limits ought to be placed on the state
27
concern of justice
what distribution of goods ought the state pursue
28
dark green ecology
extend the boundaries of the political to encompass the whole of the natural world
29
defining politics is beset by ___ problems and concerns about the ____ ___
boundary; subject matter
30
normative analysis
questions of a valuational kind (what is good or better)
31
behavioural revolution
empirical political science and analytical political philosophy
32
the growth of ____ is associated with the decline of political philosophy in the normative sense (as well as ____ ____)
secularism; consensus politics
33
consensus politics (50s-60s)
widespread agreement on fundamental political principles was accompanied by economic prosperity
34
positivism
an approach that seeks to apply the scientific methodology (observable; fact vs value) of the natural sciences to social phenomena; normative analysis is meaningless
35
logical positivism
centring around a group of philosophers known as the ‘Vienna Circle’; only statements which are empirically verifiable and those which seek to say something about the meaning of concepts and the relations between them are legitimate.
36
normative political philosophy made some comeback in the ___ and ___, because of a decline in ___ ___ and the emergence of new an innovative work (eg. Rawl's theory of Justice)
60s and 70s; consensus politics
37
non-ideal theory: any political philosophy which does not take account of the ______ world is normatively deficient (because ought implies can)
‘non-ideal’
38
a valid theory of justice must be relevant to the _____ of at least some current _____
eradication; injustices
39
normative statements cannot come purely from ____
empirical observation
40
empirical analysis
seeks to identify observable phenomena in the real world with a view to establishing what is, rather than what ought to be (positivism; natural sciences)
41
semantic analysis
concerned with clarifying the meaning of the concepts we use
42
forms of political analysis (3)
(1) normative, (2) empirical and (3) semantic
43
comparative methods
seek to develop testable generalizations by examining political phenomena across different political systems or historically within the same political system
44
deductive (top-down) method
starts from a general theoretical proposition and works down to the specific, aiming to test the theory in question by examining the relevant data (rational choice for ex)
45
inductive (bottom-up) method
moves from the observation of specific data to general propositions, aiming to generate rather than test theories (behaviouralism for ex)
46
division of empirical methods
inductive and deductive
47
behaviouralism
stresses the importation of the scientific method in the study of social phenomena. Objective measurement of the social world is the goal (post 1945 period)
48
rational choice approach
start by making certain fundamental assumptions about human behaviour from which hypotheses or theories are deduced before being tested against the facts in the real world
49
assumption of rational choice theory
human beings are essentially rational, utility maximizers, who will follow the path of action most likely to benefit them.
50
disadv of deductive method
assumptions are simplifications
51
disadv of inductive method
hard to generate theories (easier to falsify; can't determine for sure if something is true); no causation
52
is politics as a science?
depends on def of science
53
ontology
asks what is there to know?
54
epistemology
asks what can be known about what exists?
55
interpretivist approach
challenges positivism; rather than seeking to discover an objective reality that does not really exist, we should seek to examine the meanings that human beings themselves impose. From this perspective, then, a science of politics is impossible
56
challenges to thinking of politics as a science (2)
(1) are the methods transferable from natural science and (2) is scientific enterprise valid and useful at all
57
when was the advent of the welfare state
post 1945 period
58
Weber def of the state
an institution claiming a ‘monopoly of the legitimate use of physical force in enforcing its order within a given territorial area’
59
who developed concept of sovereignty
Jean Boden and Willian Blackstone
60
sovereign state
the highest form of authority in a particular territory; no external challenge to this authority
61
when did sovereign states emerge?
15th and 16th centuries in Europe
62
what did sovereign states replace
feudal societies
63
feudal socieities
shared authority between the aristocracy and the Catholic Church
64
in what way do stateless societies still exist?
some small communities of people, such as nomadic tribes
65
de jure sovereignty
a legal right to rule supremeley
66
de facto sovereignty
the actual distribution of political power
67
in what context is the concept of sovereignty of little use?
failed states (eg Somalia); because the state is unable to perform the functions sof sovereignty
68
how are states usually classified?
the degree to which it intervenes in society and the economy
69
night-watchman state
the state concentrates on ensuring external and internal security, playing little role in civil society and the economy where the economic market is allowed to operate relatively unhindered; protective role, seeking uphold the rights of life, lib and prop of individuals against external and internal threats
central to classical liberal thought
played a large part in shaping 19th century British politics
70
developmental state
strong relationship between state and private economic institutions with the goal of securing rapid economic development
71
where are developmental states prevalent
East Asia; Japan, South Korea (even the illiberal dem of Malaysia)
72
social democratic states
associated with attempts to secure greater social and economic equality
73
difference between developmental states and social democratic states?
SD states have a broader social and political objective (beyond just economic development)
74
liberal democracies
characterized by free and fair elections involving universal suffrage, together with a liberal political framework consisting of a relatively high degree of personal liberty and the protection of individual rights
75
iliberal democracies
characterized by elections but relatively little protection of rights and liberties, and state control over the means of communication. This creates a situation where opposition leaders and parties are disadvantaged and, as a result, there are relatively few transfers of power through elections
76
authoritarian regimes
characterized in terms of the absence of fair elections and therefore the accountability of political rulers
77
ex of liberal dem
USA, UK, Germany
78
what is the dominant state form in much of the world?
lib dem
79
ex of illeberal dem
Russia, Malaysia
80
how much of the world lives under authoritarian regimes?
1/3
81
ex of authoritarian regimes
China, many Middle East states
82
totalitarian state
state intervenes—often through a brutal and oppressive state police—in all aspects of social and economic life, under the guise of a transformative ideology; civil societies is eclipsed
20th century phenomenon
83
in what authoritarian regime style does the state intervene the most?
totalitarianism
84
ex of totalitarian states
Nazi Germany, Stalin's Soviety Union, East Germany (Iran maybe)
85
_____ is a key, defining feature of the state, although it is a concept that, arguably, has greater ____ than _____ importance.
sovereignty; legal; political
86
empirical typology of the state from the minimalist nigh-watchman state: what are the two extremes?
nineteenth-century capitalist regimes
totalitarian state of the twentieth century
87
major theories of the state (3)
pluralism, elitism, and Marxism
88
created of pluralism
Robert Dahl (1963, 1971)
89
classical pluralism
society is seen as being composed of thousands of activities that have the effect of creating many different groups of all shapes and sizes
competing groups is a natural feature of all societies of any complexity
there are no predominant classes or interests within society, that all groups are able to make their voices heard in the political process, and that all groups get at least something of what they want
90
political pluralism
the state’s role is to regulate and mediate between competing groups that are inherent in society
state = neutral arbiter
OR
state = one of the groups in competition
91
polyarchy (Dahl) vs democracy
minorities rule vs majority rule
92
role of polyarchy in pluralism
politics is based upon the permanent interplay of numerous groups each constituting a minority.
93
what is a successful political party in pluralist society?
those that are able to forge a majority coalition of minority groups.
94
pluralism: power is fragmented: arguments (3)
(1) the bases upon which power rests are variable, (2) even though it may seem that in a particular issue area one group or small set of groups is influential, the same groups are not influential in other issue areas, and (3) an influential group in a policy arena is challenged by a ‘countervailing influence'
95
elite pluralism or democratic elitism
1950s-60s
C. Wright Mills
power is concentrated in the hands of a powerful elite, dominating the economic, military, and governmental spheres; multiplicity of competing elites
96
corporatism
top-down model where the state incorporates economic interests in order to control them and civil society in general
shares, with pluralism, the belief that groups are a crucial part of the political system. Denies, however, that the competition between groups was as widespread, equitable, and fragmented as pluralists had suggested (economic elites instead)
tripartite relationship between elites in government, business, and the trade unions.
97
continuum of empirical theories of the state from pluralism to elitism
pluralism -> elite pluralism -> corporatism -> elitism
98
Neo-corporatism
a way of incorporating, and modifying, the key interests within civil society. It is argued that it has served a vital aggregation function.
99
criticisms of neo-corporatism
(1) govts tend to be unduly influenced by business interests (pluralist side of argument) and (2) New Right argues it fails to allow the market free rein
100
elitism
society, whatever democratic rhetoric proclaims, is ruled by a single, unified, and self-conscious elite
a ruling elite is an inevitable feature of all complex societies
101
diagrammatical rep of elite pluralism vs elitism
elite pluralism -> series of pyramids
elitism -> one pyramid with elite and masses
102
the original elitism came from Italian scholars refuting ___
Marx's idea of a future egalitarian society
103
iron law of oligarchy
Michels elitist idea that within organizations of any complexity, whether they be political parties or interests groups, there will always be a dominant group controlling them
104
difference between elitism and ruling-class theory
no one resource is necessarily crucial, so that it is possible to conceive of elites based upon military, administrative, and religious factors, as much as economic ones.
105
modern elitism is no longer ____; not it is a critiques of _____
anti-marxist; pluralism
106
modern elitist thinkers such as James Burnham (1941) and C. Wright Mills (1956) have identified empirically the rule of elites but, rather than regarding this as inevitable or desirable...
have argued that it is illegitimate and ought to be challenged
107
what do Marxism and elitism share?
an acceptance of the fact that modern capitalist societies are dominated by a united, self-interested ruling group. Democracy in such societies, therefore, is a sham. Despite elections, the influence of the masses is minimal
108
differences between elitism and Marxism (2)
(1) character of the ruling class (elitists thing it's ruling groups with a variety of resources and max thinks it is those who control the means of production), and
(2) what is possible (Marxism argues a communist rev can bring an egalitarian society whereas elitists argue hierarchy is inevitable)
109
when was the New Right popularized
1970s
110
New Right
the state has a tendency to expand its activities far beyond what is healthy for society; tends to lead to governing failure
The end result is ‘a hyperpluralism of powerful groups confronting weak governments
111
economic consequences of dem (New Right perspective)
competitive electoral politics encourages politicians to offer ever-increasing benefits in order to attract votes, and once elected, governments then find it very difficult to meet the promises made to individuals and groups, sometimes sailing perilously close to bankruptcy
112
over-supply thesis (New Right perspective)
the state bureaucracy has a tendency to expand because it is in its self-interest to do so.
To increase intervention and ‘big’ government, bureaucrats will forge relationships with interest groups. Both the bureaucrats and the groups have a vested interest in governments offering more, mainly financial, benefits.
113
factors at play according to the New Right perspective (2)
(1) economic consequences of democracy and (2) over-supply thesis
114
the pluralist theory of the state is wrong on which main counts, according to the New Right?
(1) state is not neutral but serves its own interests, and (2) the liberal democratic polity does not encourage stability and equilibrium as pluralists suggest
115
empirical analysis of a theory of the state
examines the degree to which it reflects the reality of any particular political system
116
New Right is also known as
market liberal approach
117
Whereas pluralism sees the power structure as diffuse and _____, ruling elite and Marxist theories sees it as ______.
fragmented; concentrated
118
The New Right theory of the state offers a different take on the role of the state, focusing on ___ .... ___ rather than a description of the distribution of power
a critique of the collectivist state
119
normative critiques of pluralism (2)
(1) the revised elite version of pluralism might be criticized from a normative perspective on the grounds that it dismisses the importance of political participation, and (2) devalues the idea of the general or public interest (leans to polarization)
120
normative claim of the modern theory of democratic elitism
based partly on a normative claim that elites ought to be left alone to govern because the masses tend to have authoritarian values.
According to this position, mass participation in politics tends to result in instability and a climate of crisis
121
normative nature of marxism
communism > capitalism
122
normative underpinnings of the New Right
collectivist societies encourages individuals to overly rely on the state to provide welfare support, thereby stifling individual initiative and self-help. It is also unjust, failing to reward individual effort appropriately.
123
liberal social contract tradition
it is argued that in order to find out what form of government is justified and why, we should try to consider what life would be like without the state.
Social contract theorists envisage individuals coming together to decide the nature of the political system under which they will live.
124
Hobbes' picture of human nature and implications for role of state
egotistical and competitive, therefore without government, life is very insecure; political system is necessary in order to impose order and ensure security, both from the risk of external threat and from the threat of internal conflict. The ideal political system for Hobbes, then, is an all-powerful sovereign which Hobbes describes as the Leviathan.
125
Locke's picture of human nature and implications for role of state
human beings can rub along without undue conflict; no immediate security considerations for Locke, individuals should choose to live under political rule only when it protects what individuals have in the state of nature (natural rights; god given) - negative rights
126
negative rights
rights against societal and state interference.
127
Legal rights
those which exist within a particular society at a particular time; simply statements, then, of what the existing law is
128
legal rights
rights which humans are said to possess irrespective of the particular legal and political system under which they live; aka human rights
129
classical liberals
advocate a minimal state in order to maximize freedom
130
Bentham's utilitarianism
t the key to judging the effectiveness of a government is the degree to which it promotes the greatest happiness, or, as he sometimes put it, the greatest happiness of the greatest number
131
utilitarianism is a ____ theory
secular
132
harm principle
respecting their autonomy, and not trespassing on their rights to do as they please as long as they can do so without harm to others
classical liberalism
133
communitarianism
seek to re-establish the state as an institution with a role to play in uniting society around a shared set of values.
134
'hollowing out' thesis
the state no longer plays the significant role that it used to
globalization
135
cosmopolitanism
the goal of achieving peace, toleration, and justice in a world where we owe our allegiances to humanity—a form of global citizenship—rather than to partial entities such as the state
136
traditional ideologies (6)
(1) liberalism, (2) socialism, (3) nationalism, (4) anarchism, (5) conservatism, (6) fascism
137
traditional ideologies are associated with what school of thought (either as embodiments or challenges to)?
the Enlightenment
138
traditional ideologies that embodies the Enlightenment
Liberalism, socialism, nationalism, and anarchism
139
traditional ideologies that sought to challenge assumptions of the Enlightenment
conservatism and fascism
140
who first used the term ideology and when?
Antoin Destutt de Tracey during the French Revolution
141
de Tracey's used of the term ideology
to denote a rationalistic science of ideas, which could be discovered in the same way as truths in the natural sciences
142
ideologue
often used to denote someone with an uncompromising devotion to a set of ideas irrespective of their utility, or as simply an extremist
143
ideology
might be defined as a set of ideas designed to provide a description of the existing political order, a vision of what the ideal political order ought to look like and a means, if necessary, to transform the former to the latter.
144
components of ideology
empirical, normative, and semantic elements
145
empirical component of ideology
a description of the existing political order
146
normative component of ideology
a vision of what the ideal political order ought to look like
147
Vincent's idea of ideology
‘ideological themes can be found on a continuum from the most banal jumbled rhetoric up to the most astute theorizing’
148
Festenstein and Kenny's idea of ideology
‘internally pluralistic, contested, complex, and overlapping’.
149
two main ideologies since the nineteenth century
liberalism and socialism
150
which traditional ideology has dominated political tradition in the West for many centuries?
liberalism
151
‘new’ or ‘social’ liberalism
liberalism associated with the social democratic left
152
heyday of classical liberalism
19th century
153
classical tradition drew on the economic theory of _____ and the social theory of ______
Adam Smith;Herbert Spender
154
classical liberalism
the state’s role should be limited to ensure internal and external security and to ensure that private property rights are enforced.
It is partly justified on the grounds that the market is the most effective means of meeting human needs.
There is also a moral dimension, in that a limited state maximizes freedom and rewards those who work hardest.
155
new liberalism
more positive role for the state, in correcting the inequities of the market. It was argued that far from reducing liberty this actually increased it by creating greater opportunities for individuals to achieve their goals
156
new liberalism came to dominate the political landscape for much of the _____
20th century
157
classical liberalism emerged to challenge new liberalism in the 1970s, under the guise of the ______
New Right
158
core concepts of liberalism
liberty, tolerance, individualism, and a particular kind of equality
159
negative liberty
Freedom is about removing external constraints; emphasis of classical lib
160
positive liberalism
he state can remove obstacles to freedom; emphasis of new liberalism
liberty can only be maximized through the enabling role of the state.
161
extreme liberalism would be
anarchist
162
he liberal focus on the individual stems from ....
the belief that individuals are rational, and able to determine their own best interests, which they will always pursue.
163
Liberals regard individuals as of equal value, but they do not accept equality of ____ (rather they argue equality of ___)
outcome; opportunity
164
socialism
seeks to transform society in cooperative and egalitarian directions.
165
many of the advocates of socialism have in fact been _____
middle class
166
two versions of socialism
communism and social democracy
167
types of socialist revolutions
Marx - popular uprising
| Lenin- coup involving a disciplined band of revolutionaries
168
evolutionary socialism (Bernstein)
It is based on the belief that with universal suffrage, socialism can be achieved through political democracy
169
means to socialism (2)
(1) revolutionary socialism and (2) evolutionary socialism
170
opposing ideas about the end of socialism
state is irrelevant (Marx) or state is crucial (Lenin)
balance between public and private ownership of the means of production
171
socialist idea of human nature
optimistic; is capable of being shaped by social, economic, and political circumstances
selfishness is socially conditioned not innate
172
values promoted by socialist society
cooperation, fellowship, and compassion
173
key socialist principles (3)
(1) optimistic about human nature, (2) equality of outcome, (3) community and cooperation
174
some argue that to maintain such an egalitarian society inevitably results in an _____ state which has continually to intervene to prevent differential levels of talent and effort from eroding the socialist distribution of goods
authoritarian (eg. Soviet Union)
175
main conservative thinker
Edmen Burke (response to French Rev and the Enlightenment)
176
the New Right had more in common with _____ than
classical liberalism; conservatism (focus on unconstrained free market(
177
conservative model of society is _____ rather than mechanical
organic; can't be taken apart and rearranged like a machine
178
Conservatives are _____ about the human capacity fully to understand their social and political environment.
skeptical; collective wisdom of the past and present is preferable to the abstract reasoning of a few
advocacy of hierarchy
179
The underlying principles of conservatism (4)
(1) an aversion to rationality, (2) an organic view of society, (3) human imperfection, and (4). a preference for hierarchy.
180
Nationalism emerged in the ...
nineteenth century (decline of monarchical power)
181
civic nationalism
refers to loyalty to the institutions and values of a particular political community.
182
ethnic nationalism
refers to loyalty to a shared inheritance based on culture, language, or religion
183
what is inclusive nationalism
civic nationalism
184
liberal nationalism
sees nations as the source of internal unity and envisages cooperation between nations.
185
liberal internationalism
promotes interdependence between nations, either through the creation of supranational institutions—such as the League of Nations and now the United Nations—or through free trade between nations
186
fascism represents...
an extreme form of nationalism and authoritarianism; oppositional mentality
187
fascism rejects .... in favour of ....
abstract intellectualizing
action, instinct, and emotion
188
Fascism is, above all, ____
anti-Enlightenment (liberalism, democracy, reason, and individualism)
189
fascism- role of the state
the state that confers meaning upon individual lives and, as a result, individuals should be subservient to it
190
Fascism is _____ (3)
anti-democratic, anti-liberal, and totalitarian
191
Anarchism
they regard the state as an illegitimate, even criminal, type of organization illegitimately exercising force over individuals and society and reducing the liberty of the people.
192
Anarchism is primarily an offshoot of _____
socialism
193
Anarchism has had _____ influence on modern politics.
relatively little
194
what did contemporary ideologies grow from?
growing scepticism about the utility of Enlightenment ideologies
195
what was general different about contemporary ideologies vs tradition ones?
much less ambitious and much less certain
196
ideologies that challenge traditional ones (3)
feminism, environmentalism, and multiculturalism
197
the most fundamental challenge to modernism
postmodernism
198
Gamble's def of postmodernism
‘no foundations, no objective standards, no fixed points, above all no universalism and no knowledge which is not constructed and relative’
199
modernism
belief in the omnipotence of reason; a confidence in the ability of reason to penetrate to the essential truth of things and to achieve progress
that a real world exists independently of our knowledge of it’
200
basis of postmodernism
points out the necessary limitations in the project to master the nature of reality
suggests that the search for ultimate answers is a futile exercise as the world is too fractured and too diverse for grand explanatory schemes or theories
201
ontology
what there is to know about the world
202
epistemology
what can we know about what exists
203
Foundationalists
argue that there is an observable real world out there and we can therefore set about trying to find out about it epistemologically
204
anti-foundationalists
argue that there is not, that the world is socially constructed and that the key is to understand this process rather than scientifically to explain the world.
205
fordism
refers to a form of large-scale mass-production that is homogeneous in both terms of the products made and repetitive jobs that came with it
unionized blue-collar worked with sim lifestyles that tended to vote en bloc for left-of-centre parties
206
a sympathetic view of postmodernism
it is perhaps best seen as a heightened sensitivity to the opinions and worldviews of others—a respect for others and other perspectives
207
populism
reflects a distrust of political elites and the pitting of the people’s instincts and beliefs (which are regarded as legitimate) against those of the establishment (which are not).
As a political movement, therefore, it involves populist politicians making appeals directly to the ‘people’ over the heads of political elites who are regarded as corrupt and self-serving.
208
both right- and left-wing versions of populism see the ‘people’ as a _____ group
homogenous
209
populism of all varieties is anti-_____ and anti-____.
pluralist; individualistic
210
left-wing populism sees politics in primarily _____ terms
economic; protecting the poor against political elites
211
right-wing populism sees politics in primarily _____ terms
cultural/ ethnic (immigration and assimilation
212
strands of feminism (3)
liberal, socialist/Marxist, and radical
213
liberal feminism
first-wave
women ought to have the same liberal rights as men in the public sphere, where equality is demanded in the worlds of politics, education, and work
still in favor of the state
214
example of positive discrimination
introduction of quotas fro parliamentary candidates
designed to redress the unfair competition between men and women.
215
radical feminism
second wave
the exploitation of women is more central and universal than liberal feminists think and is not merely a product of inequality in the public realm
‘patriarchal’ basis to society, not just, or most importantly, in the public realm but also in private family life and in relationships between men and women at all levels of society
liberation not equality
216
major differences between radical and liberal feminism
radical places importance on the private sphere and broadens the scope of politics
217
socialist feminism
argue for a transformation of society so that working lives become more amenable and domestic lives cease to have an economic function
218
liberal feminism: equality
legal and political
219
radical feminism: equality
social (in the private sphere)
220
socialist feminism: equality
economic
221
difference feminism
Women should not try to be like men but should seek to change, or feminize, society.
care ethics
222
environmentalist approaches
reformist (light green or shallow; environmentalism)
radical (dark green or deep; ecologism)
223
Radical greens see ______ as incompatible with environmental protection
economic growth
224
reformist greens: provided growth is _______, then it is ______ from an environmental perspective
sustainable; permissible
225
sustainable development
development that ‘meets the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs
226
ecological modernization
suggests a number of ways in which growth can be sustainable
(1) renewable energy and energy conservation
(2) production of environmental goods can be a source of economic growth
(3) environmental damage is not cost-free economically, so that protecting the environment can be consistent with economic growth.
227
anthropocentrism (reformist)
his ethic is human-centred. Humans are regarded as having intrinsic value and non-humans have only extrinsic value
228
ecocentrism (radical)
accords intrinsic value to both humans and to non-human parts of nature
229
According to Eckersley, a green state must....
(1) facilitate a green public sphere to create greater ecological consciousness, (2)
be outward-looking seeking to cooperate with other states to tackle environmental problems, (3) be impeccably democratic, encouraging participation, entrenching environmental rights, and incorporating the interests of non-human nature.
230
multiculturalism
seeks to advocate pluralistic states based on many different religious, cultural, and ethnic identities
231
Kymlicka's group rights
(1) rights of self governance, (2) polyethnic rights and (3) rperesentative rights
232
religious fundamentalism
seeks to organize political principles along religious lines and seeks political influence or power in order to achieve it.
233
Islamic fundamentalism
desire to create a theocracy (a state based on religious principles) which follows Islamic (Sharia) Law, or—to be more precise—a particular interpretation of Islamic Law.
234
Fundamentalist Christian New Right
sought to campaign for conservative moral values—particularly against the rights given to particular social groups, such as blacks, feminists, and the gay rights movement—and against abortion.
235
institutions
regular patterns of behaviour that provide stability and predictability to social life
236
institutions are both ____ and _____
constraints and resources
237
Duverger’s Law
first-past-the-post electoral systems produce two-party systems
238
Steinmo's idea of institutions
they define the rules of the political game and as such they define who can play and how they play. Consequently, they ultimately can shape who wins and who loses
239
Gidden's structuration theory
system (political system)
structure (political institutions)
structuration
240
structuration
the complex of factors that both constrain and also provide resources for changes in the operation of institutions and the system as a whole
241
structure vs agency
structure = the impact of the particular configuration of institutions
agency = the effect of choices and actions by one or more agents, whether individuals or groups of them
242
factors that provide structuration in political life and determine particular outcomes (3)
(1) political, (2) economic and (3) social
243
states claim a monopoly on the means of violence and also on _____
law making
244
what is the apparatus of institutions and individuals who are responsible for managing public affairs?
state
245
A crucial importance in the development of the European state was the separation of state officials from ...
personal servants of the ruler
246
A crucial importance in the development of the European state was the separation of the state from the rest of society through _____ and _____
institutionalization and bureaucratization
247
____ was a catalyst for increasing the raising of funds for the state from society and increasing the state’s reach.
warfare
248
two big events that developed modern principles of govt
American and French Revolutions
249
the American and French revs led to the invention of ____ to check the power of the ____
institutions; state
250
The modern European state system is normally taken to have resulted from the treaties that established the ____ in ___
Peace of Westphalia in 1648
251
key elements in the spreading of European type of state to other places
war and colonial expansion
252
the universal form of political organization around the world
the state
253
member-states of the UN
193
254
nation-states unity in ____ while state-nations unite in ____
oneness; diversity
255
Gill's types of internal roles of the modern state
(1) partisan (self-interested), (2) guardian (stabilizes and balances), (3) instrument (tool in the hands of some group or groups in society at large)
256
modern states are expected to provide citizens with...
(1) human security
(2) predictable, recognizable, systematized methods of adjudicating disputes, and regulating both the norms and the prevailing mores of a particular society or polity
(3) freedom to participate in politics and compete for office, respect, and support for national and regional political institutions, such as legislatures and courts, tolerance of dissent and difference, and fundamental civil and human rights.
257
strong states
provide key things to citizens
258
factors in determining strong vs weak states (5)
(1) size, (2) strength of the economy, (3) military might, (4) legitimacy (consent to rule), (5) robustness of the state institutions (withstand turbulence)
259
According to Finer, one of the main Western innovations in the theory of the state was the introduction of the ____
‘law-bounded state’
260
legal-positivism
law is what the state says it is
261
primary concern of the law
authoritative allocation of values in society
262
function of laws
regulate human conduct
determines what is criminal behaviour
prescribes punishment for criminals and provides impartial rules for binding adjudication in disputes
263
requirements for the Rule of Law
a) The law must be accessible, intelligible, clear, and predictable.
b) The laws should apply equally to all.
c) Public officials should exercise their functions fairly, not unreasonably, and for the purpose originally intended.
d) The law must adequately protect fundamental human rights.
e) Means must be provided to settle civil disputes without prohibitive cost or inordinate delay.
f) Trial procedures should be fair.
g) States must comply with international legal obligations.
264
broad def of constitution
it denotes the overall structure of a state’s political system; political culture even
265
narrower def of constitution
a specific document that lays down the basic institutions of state and procedures for changing them, as well as the basic rights and obligations of its citizens. ; also basic source of nationa law
266
states without a codified constitution
UK, NZ, Israel
267
advantages to unwritten constitutions
greater flexibility and adaptability
268
constitutionalism is a ____ doctrine
normative
269
approaches to the function of law: legal positivism
It is inappropriate for judges to seek to enquire whether any particular law is phrased inadequately. Their task is simply to enforce it
270
approaches to the function of law: communist approach
he function of law was subordinated to some higher, non-legal goal: communism itself.
271
approaches to the function of law: Islamic state approach
in so far as this rule of law existed, it was more because of practice, rather than because of the explicit separation of the powers of rulers and judges as in the West: it was because both rulers and judges were supposed to defer to the revealed law of the shariah. In general, rulers appointed and could dismiss judges. There was no notion of ordinary people having rights vis-à-vis their rulers, unless the latter broke divine law
the state did not claim the same monopoly over law-giving as Western states do
less consistency
272
approaches to the function of law: Western approach
procedural justice
consistent and predictable outcomes
273
Federalism (Robertson)
a form of government, in which power is constitutionally divided between different authorities in such a way that each exercises responsibility for a particular set of functions and maintains its own institutions to discharge those functions; sovereignty within their own sphere
274
federalism: two-chamber parliament
upper chamber composed of state rep
275
components of a federalist system
(1) two-chamber parliament and (2) constitutional court
276
opposite of federal system
unitary
277
example of unitary state
china
278
consociationalism: main characteristics (4)
(1) govt by grand coalition, (2) segmental or subcultural autonomy, (3) proportional rep in the electoral system, (4) agreement on minority vetoes for certain types of legislation
279
example of consociationalism
the Netherlands
280
dual role of federalism
check on centralized govt and managing profound social diversity
281
Consociationalism is an alternative approach to handling social diversity, relying on _____ rather than legal formalism.
elite cooperation
