Midterm 1: Action Flashcards
(92 cards)
1
Q
Coronal Brain View
A
cut as if wearing a crown/ front and back half
2
Q
Horizontal View
A
cut across middle plane, like horizon, top and bottom half
3
Q
Sagittal
A
Cut across midline, get left and right view
bow and arrow
4
Q
planning, reasoning, movement, some speech
A
Frontal Lobe
5
Q
seat of the visual cortex
A
Occipital Lobe
6
Q
skin based proprioceptive information (heat), understanding of space
A
Parietal Lobe
7
Q
memory, auditory cortex, (speech and language)
A
Temporal Lobe
8
Q
Brain + spinal Cord
A
CNS
9
Q
Lacerations
A
tearing of some nerve fibers (gun shots, football accidents)
10
Q
Spinal Cord injury
A
traumatic events which results in damage to nerves which relay information up and down the Spinal cord
11
Q
Severe spinal card damage leads to
A
paralysis, loss of reflective function below the point of injury
12
Q
Deafferentation
A
only afferent pathways are affected, no signals to the brain
13
Q
Neuropathy
A
general malfunctions of the nerves, could be caused by diabetes or injury, Ian Waterman proprioceptive
14
Q
Pyramidal Tracts
A
corticospinal tract- anions which terminate on alpha neurons- directly from brain to spinal segments- most origninate in the primary motor cortex (contralateral)
15
Q
Corticobulbar Tract
A
brain to mid brain- medulla (face and tongue muscles)
16
Q
lateral corticospinal tract
A
to distal limbs
17
Q
ventral corticospinal tract
A
to trunk and leg muscles
18
Q
ALS (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis)
A
motor neurons of the Brianstem and spinal cord are destroyed and their target muscles wither- cognitive functioning is intact, degenerative and deadly (defective gene- mutation of superoxide dismutase)
19
Q
Neuromuscular disease
A
destruction of motor neurons
ex- polio (can use stem cells of transplant glial cells to treat)
20
Q
Plegia
A
paralysis
21
Q
Paresis
A
Weakness
22
Q
Stretch Reflex
A
doctor taps knee, quadricep extends- stretch receptors tell spinal cord (dorsal root- sensory neuron)- spinal cord activates alpha motor neurons (ventral)
23
Q
effector
A
part of the body which moves
24
Q
alpha motor neurons
A
activate muscles- can cause muscle fibers to contract due to an increase in stiffness from Acetyl-choline
25
EMG of muscle activation of extension of elbow
bump in tricep area, excitatory to one muscle, inhibitory to other (antagonist), make sure there isn't over extension
26
EMG of muscle activation of flexion of elbow
activation of the biceps,- to produce this movement- excitatory signals are sent to the agonist and inhibitory to the antagonist (via interneurons)
27
Graph of normal patient movement (flexion/ extension)
antagonist follows the agonist closely in order to stop the motion from over continuing, without it, you wouldn't be able to stop your motion when you wanted
28
Homunculus- somatotropin representation
organization of motor cortex which reveals a map of the body, located at the back of the frontal cortex in the primary motor cortex- discovered by Wilder Penfield
29
Largest parts of the homunculus
lips and hands, most dexterity (shown through TMS stimulation)
30
Motor command
basal ganglia needed for action initiation, signal from motor cortex to the periphery - through spinal cord before it reaches muscles or motor neurons
31
Cerebellum
between cortex and the brainstem, most important organ for movement, locus of time, motor learning and posture- learned physical activity - model of world
32
Cerebral connections
ipsilateral, talks to sensory and motor areas
33
Vesitbulocerebellum
oldest part, works with the vestibular nuclei to control eye movement and balance, sinks eye movement with body movement----vestibuloccular reflex- eyes stay fixed even if body moves
34
Spinocerebellum
receives sensory information from visual and auditory systems, also receives proprioceptive information - lesions cause unsteady gait and balance issues- responsible for coordination- most responsive to alcohol (walking line test)
35
Neocerebellum
no input from spinal cord, newest part, efferent copies sent here, builds model of the work, lesions cause ataxia
36
ATAXIA
problem with sensory coordination of distal limbs, Intention tremor- jerky movement when try to perform "touch nose"
37
graph of cerebellar patient- flexion and extension
for arm position- instead of a steady line once target is reached- quivering- EMG of agonist and antagonist show that the antagonist is too small to stop the motion and it has smaller bumps in both categories after
38
Overview of motor pathways...
all connections to arms and legs originate in the spinal cord. these spinal cord signals are influenced by both the cerebellum and the basal ganglia- sensory information transmitted back to brainstem, cortex, cerebellum
39
seat of reflexes
spinal cord
40
seat of arousal, tuning, and basic emotions (limbic)
brainstem
41
The big cheese
cerebral cortex
42
multiple sclerosis
immune system attacks myelin, causing communication problems between your brain and the rest of your body - degenerative (tremor, slurred speech)
43
response rate
number of times a neuron spikes
44
population vectors
sum of all neurons (vectors)- brain encodes body directional movement - maps where you want to move - more response rate= longer line in that direction (8 areas)
45
strength of motor command regulated by
basal ganglia and the thalamus
46
what can population vectors eventually be used for
brain-interface technology (amputees, spinal cord patients) monkey thing
47
Primary motor cortex
M1, Brodmann area4- execution of movement- somatotopic map- input from all areas which play a role in movement- projections to spinal cord
48
problem with pop vector
planning phase stronger than execution
49
pre-motor
movement planning and sequencing (ventral and dorsal)- external, sensory guided actions- like grabbing a coffee- sends projections to m1 and pyramidal tract
50
Supplementary motor
movement planning and sequencing, internal guided actions- voices, sequences
51
HEMIPLEGIA
primary motor cortex- can result from stroke, loss of control of voluntary movements to contralateral side, spastic--> muscle weakness- can treat behaviorally, constraint induced therapy
52
APRAXIA
lesions in SMA or Pre-motor, loss of skilled action and motor planning, cannot link meaningful action- results mostly from left sided lesions
53
IDEOMOTOR APRAXIA
rough sense of desired action- comb hair will Tapp head - cannot execute
54
IDEATIONAL APRAXIA
knowledge of intent is disrupted, does not understand appropriate tool use, sequencing problems
55
Posterior Parietal Cortex
sensory guidance of movement, projections to pre-motor, and pyramidal tract, damage can cause optic ataxia
56
Optic Ataxia
deficits in guided reaching- can verbally located but not physically, reach somewhere else
57
Grabbing coffee cup...
visual information (optical) located-frontal lobe plans command (reach)- spinal cord brings information not the hand- motor neurons carry message to muscles - sensory receptors send message to sensory cortex (grasped)- spinal cord brings information to brain- basal ganglia judges force- cerebellum corrects movement errors- sensory cortex receives message
58
Detection of self movement
cortex to corticospinal tract, can go to spinal cord or inferior olive which sends copies of instructions to cerebellum which corrects it and goes back to cortex- movement feedback goes up the spinocerebellular tract to the cerebellum to the cortex
59
Inferior olive creates what
| ?
efferent copy-predict your own movement- why you cannot tickle yourself
60
simple flexion of fingers versus pattern
simple- motor and somatic sensory
| complex- motor- prefrontal, somatotopic
61
Basal Ganglia
controls force production, fine tunes movement, produces dopamine which inhibits acetylcholine- smooth movements
62
Parkinsons
rigidity, tremor, slowness, bradykinesia, impaired cognitive and motor memories, understimualtion of cortex due to the over-inhibition of the thalamus by the globes pallid us and the substantial nigra-tremor (not enough dopamine)
63
Graph for parkinsons patient
agonist and antagonist are the same size- antagonist happens right after agonist but both continue to fluctuate evenly --- for arm position goes up squiggly
64
stiffness and slowness of Parkinson is caused by what?
not enough dopamine and too much acetylcholine
65
Parkinson's treatment
L-dopa: breaks through the blood Brian barrier, delays breakdown of dopamine - DBS
66
Basal Ganglia chart
cortex either goes to the striatum or the brainstem/spinal cord, striatum goes direction to the Globes pallid us and substantial nigra or it takes the long rout. GP and SN inhibits thalamus which excited the cortex
67
Hunington's line from Gp/ SN to Thalamus
skinny black
68
Parkinson's line from Gp/ SN to Thalamus
large black
69
Mirror Neurons
cells selectively discharge when a person executes a particular action as well as when a person sees someone do that action- shown in fMRIs(parietal and motor)
70
Parietal Cortex function
multiple representations of space, used to guide movements, mapped in an egocentric frame
71
Dorsal Pathway
visual cortex to parietal- where or how pathways- location of stimuli and how to take action
72
Ventral Pathway
visual to temporal- what pathway- conscious recogntion
73
Patient DF
visual pathways disrupted- could not draw and apple ro book from looking at it, but could from memory
74
Right Parietal Lobe
problems with personal space and attention deficits - indifference to objects and events on the left side of the world "Hemi-neglect"
75
left parietal lesions
apraxia- does not mirror right sides spatial representation
76
Ideo-motor apraxia example
show me how to slice bread- pounds table, when handed knife, sounds table by bread
77
Ideational example
cant choose the tool to carry out the action
78
Callosotomy
splitting of the corpus callous in order to treat epilepsy- allows the study of hemispheric specialization
79
Split brain
surgically or by injecting half of the brain with Sodium Amytal- -speech is left, can point for right with left hand: since the language area is asleep the patients left brain will not see it and therefore will say it say nothing- no hemispheric interaction
80
Partial callosotomy
can picture object presented to right brain but cannot name
81
bimanual coordination
more complex movements, bringing two limbs together, working at the same time- when split brain hemispheres can work independently of one another- want to go the same direction
82
frontal lobe lesions
bimanual problems - anarchic hand syndrome
83
anarchic hand syndrome
lesion in the frontal lobe- hand acts on its own- aka alien hand syndrome, do not feel hand performing action- claim they didn't do it
84
what results from too little dopamine
rigidity and tremor- parkinsons
85
too much dopamine?
see or hear things that are not there- schizophrenia (1%)
86
schizophrenia
adolescent onset, too much dopamine, treat with antipsychotic- they block dopamine and therefore lead to Parkinson like symptoms
postive symptoms: overactive
Negative:underactive
87
tarditive dyskinesia
results from prolonged antipsychotic use, some huningtons like symptoms and some Parkinson symptoms
88
intracerebral hemorrhage
all ages, specific parts- basal ganglia, cerebellum, brainstem or cortex - ruptured blood vessel will leak in the brain causing it to compress
89
ischemia
artery of brain blocked, most common, all ages
90
subarachnoid hemorrhage
blood vessel outside of the brain ruptures, area surrounding the brain fills with blood - may develop from birth- aneurysms- surgical treatment is to clip
91
middle cerebral artery infraction
largest of the cerebral arteries and most affected by stroke, , supplies most of the brain surface and all of the basal ganglia, sudden onset of neurological deficit in the affected area (infraction of arteries)
92
most important cerebral arteries
cervical and middle cerebral
