Midterm 1: Cases

Question 1

HOLOCAUST: 5 Layers of Anti-Semitism

Answer 1

Time frame- Form-Problem-Solution-Historical Transitions

4-18th Cent: Religious–religious beliefs–segregation/ conversion/ occasional violence–rise of Christianity/reformation

18-19th Cent: Liberal–religious traditions–assimilation, emancipation–enlightenment

18-19th Cent: Economic– parasitical nature–discrimination–Emancipation and Industrial Revolution

19th-20th Century: Racial–impurity–quarantine and elimination–Scientific racism and Colonialism

Late 19th 20th Century: Nationalistic–disloyal–nuetralization–WWI, Russian Revolution

Question 2

HOLOCAUST: Why Mass Murder- Jews?

Answer 2

specific military and geo-political conditions turned it into an explosion of mass violence which preoccupied or self-interested bystanders did not resist with sufficient force.

Why mass murder?

1. Cheapening of human life before Nazi takeover
2. Domestic experimentation (1933-1939)
3. International experimentation (1939-1940)
4. Expansion and systematization (1940-1942)
5. Peak years (1942-1943)
6. Death throes (1944-1945)

Question 3

HOLOCAUST: Why Germany 1930s and 1940s?

Answer 3

a movement in Germany, a country located at the center of several major transformations of: -enlightenment, Emancipation and Industrial Revolution, Scientific racism and Colonialism, WWI, Russian Revolution lifted this fixation to power in the 1930s

–> Hitler’s antisemitism: Took 5 Layers of Anti-Semitism (religious, liberal, racial, national, and economic) and put together in one ideology

Question 4

HOLOCAUST: Peak Years 1942-1943

Answer 4

War–> Jewish Problem and Resources to kill–> Final Solution

Wannsee

Three steps & Problems
• Expulsion (expansion)
• Concentration (food, disease, security risk)
• Manual killing in the (labor West?) intensive, resistance

Question 5

HOLOCAUST: Expansion and Systemization

Answer 5

Ethnic revenge through minority rule

• -> Expansion Westward
• -> Balkans
• -> Invasion SU

All lead to control over more Jews

Question 6

HOLOCAUST: Experimenation

Answer 6

Poland and before disabled with t4

Question 7

HOLOCAUST: Snyder “Bloodlands”

Answer 7

• Double-occupation land (SU and Germans)
• Poles perceive their Jewish neighbors as collaborators with the SU
–> Opportunity for revenge, Deployment Militias

Question 8

HOLOCAUST: Intenationalism

Answer 8

• Holocaust happened because Hitler intended to kill the Jews early on (redemptive antisemitism)
• Devised a system to do so
• Emigration & concentration temporary stopgaps
• After invasion SU Hitler implemented his plan

Question 9

HOLOCAUST: Functionalism

Answer 9

• No directives from higher up: Hitler never ordered for Jews to be killed, but
• Local bureaucrats developed local solutions to “Jewish problem” (e.g. in Poland).
• Over time less radical solutions were no longer available and mass killing became an option

Question 10

HOLOCAUST: Bergen Explains Holocaust

Answer 10

BOTH Intentionalism and Functionalism

Hitler made clear what he wanted to do with the Jews.
• Local solutions were created in light of this goal
• Competition between different local actors activated a spiral of radicalization (working towards the Fuhrer).
• Hence it could not have happened without
 Hitler’s clear intentions (intentionalist)
 Local solutions (functionalist)

Question 11

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE: Why the Ottoman empire in 1915?

Answer 11

 Imperialism->Decline
 Nationalism & separatism->Decline
 Young Turk revolution

Question 12

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE: Why the Armenians?

Answer 12

 Young Turk racism
 The Armenian renaissance
 European interference
 The Russian-Ottoman faultline

Question 13

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE:
Why mass violence in 1915?

Answer 13

 Cumulative radicalization
 WWI, Van Uprising

Question 14

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE:
Timelines

Answer 14

• –> “The Sick Man of Europe”
• –> Rise of Nationalism–> Greek independence, MULTI-ETHNIC EMPIRE
• –> Tanzimat reforms by Abdulmejid—Sultan (1839-1876)—> economic modernization, legal modernization, poor implementation
• -> Russo-Turkish war (1877-1878)—> Treaty of Berlin
• –> Sultan Hamid II (1876)–> rebuild empire, end reforms
• -> Armenian mobilization against centralization
• –> 1890s Massacres of Armenians
• -> Financial Crisis 1880s

Question 15

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE: Treaty of Berlin

Answer 15

Russo-Turkish War–> Russians help Slavic Brothers
 Autonomy for Serbia, Romania, Montenegro
 Protection for Christian minorities
 Forced entry Christian missionaries inside Ottoman Empire

CONSEQUENCES: Emboldens minorities, less diverse, muslim refugees–> revenge

Question 16

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE: CUP

Answer 16

Young Turks (Nationalist) vs. Progressive 
---\> Young turks win --\> German trained, Nationalist, want less focus on empire

Question 17

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE: Balkan wars + Counterrevolution=

Answer 17

MORE NATIONALISM

• -> lose territory
• ->Weakening of democracy

Question 18

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE: Armenian Renaissance

Answer 18

marketization, urbanization, industrialization that had created differences between the Ottoman Empire and its neighbors
• 1878: Urban Armenians are in trade and finance (Christian networks–> diaspora community w/ international ties) Benefit from the rise of the West
—> Majority of trader, major exporters, major industrialists, bankers Armenian
• Rural Armenians (in border region with Russia) benefit from grain imports from Russia

Question 19

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE: Reason 3: Ottoman-Russian fault line

Answer 19

• War of 1829-1829 (Splits)
• War of 1877-1878
 Armenian Russians prominent in army
 some Armenians on Ottoman side join Russian army when invading
• Berlin treaty: further annexation
–> Armenians living in this territory celebrate
 Turks forced out and replaced with Armenians

Question 20

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE: Reason 4: Armenian Mobilization

Answer 20

1. Nationalist Mobilization (Dashnaks)
2. Marxist Mobilization (Hunchnak group)

Question 21

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE: Why mass killing?

Answer 21

 Normalization of violence
—> 1894: Sasun massacre
• 1890s: Violent repression of Armenian Marxists in cities (Hunchak)
• Counterrevolution against CUP
 WWI
—> REVENGE, TERRITORY (SPACE), RACE, MINORITY PROTECTION
 Van Uprising

Question 22

Jewish identity vs Armenian identity

Answer 22

Intimate Violence: Anti-Jewish Pogroms on the Eve of the Holocaust by Jason Wittenberg and Jeffrey Kopstein—> • Minority bloc in Poland
 United minorities in Poland->gaining autonomy
 Zionist leader
 Difference: unified several minorities under that banner
• More pogroms in towns with high support for minority block

Question 23

RWANDA GENOCIDE: Three Groups and Characteristics

Answer 23

 Twa: 6th century, 1st original group, Hunters and gatherers. 1990: 1% population
 Huti: 7th century, Crop cultivators. 1990: 84% population
 Tutsi: 8/9th century, Cattle traders, 1990: 15% population

Question 24

RWANDA GENOCIDE: Hutu and Tutsi Boundary

Answer 24

Not Fixed 
• Social class not ethnic identity--\> social mobility allowed to move 
• Socio-economic class status

Question 25

RWANDA GENOCIDE: Why Tutsis?

Answer 25

1. Colonial politics-\>Activation ethnic boundary ---\> Berlin Conference (1884) ---\> Germans: Introduce Hamitic myth --\> Versailes Treaty: Rwanda goes to Belgium--\> further racism ---\> Mid-1950s: Nationalism among Tutsis, Belgians reverse status--\> inversion of Hamitic Myth 2. Decolonization-\>Envy and threat through status reversal Independence 1960s---\> 300,000 Tutsis flee to Burundi

Question 26

RWANDA GENOCIDE: Tutsis in Burundi found...

Answer 26

RPF Try to destabilize Rwanda by launching attacks from Burundi

Question 27

RWANDA GENOCIDE: Why Rwanda in 1994?

Answer 27

* Economic crisis creates threats to Hutu elites * Democratization creates threats to Hutu elites

Question 28

RWANDA GENOCIDE: Why Rwanda Timeline

Answer 28

1973: Coup Habyararimana --\> strict ethnic policies, business interests first, strong informal economy Late 1980s: economic unrest--\> coffee price falls, International debt, IMF/World Bank/France--\>  Structural adjustment: open markets & reduce informal economy Late 1980s: political unrest--\> • IMF/World Bank/France loan for multi-party system - --\> Rise Left wing non-ethnic parties against Hutu elites - -\> Rise Hutu extremists against Hutu elites (Akazu) Habyararimana responds: Hutu nationalism, (Akuzu) into party, racism in school, propaganda on radio, "Hutu 10 Commandments"

Question 29

RWANDA GENOCIDE: Fault-lines Activated Late 1980s:

Answer 29

Political elite: Hutu and Rich--\> don’t want to activate wealth fault line because then would be in majority, instead invoke Hutu racial line

Question 30

RWANDA GENOCIDE: Why mass killing in 1994?

Answer 30

• Invasion RPF (group of Tutsis in Burundi) • Arusha accords---\> peace accords in aftermath of war due to invasion of RPF International Community steps in --\> Requires Power sharing government--\> ethnic groups need to share power ---\> International community deploys UN troops guard the peace • Plane crash Habyararimana ---\> RPF Invasion, response killing and blockades

Question 31

BOSNIAN GENOCIDE: Three groups

Answer 31

 Serbs (Orthodox)  Croats (Roman Catholic)  Bosniacs (Muslim) • Mixed 1991--\> people from neighboring countries living there, some concentration of groups, but largely living together in same localities

Question 32

BOSNIAN GENOCIDE: Why ethnic antagonism? TIMELINE

Answer 32

Faultline of Rome and Constantinople ---\> 1054 Split: East Balkans: Serbs- \>Orthodox (first form of Serbs) and West Balkans: Rest-\>Roman Catholic---\> Bosnia and Serbia--\> independent states • 1400s: Both Bosnia and Serbia become Part of Ottoman Empire---\> Bosnians convert to Islam ---\> Battle of Kosovo (start of a myth) • 1878: Decline Ottoman empire---\> Serbian independence--\> greater Serbia myth • WWI---\> Kingdom of Yugoslavia forms ---\> Serbians dominate, Croats annexed, Bosnians not recognized * WWII: Revenge through minority rule --\> resistance by Chetniks and Communists---\> Tito rise * Decentralization under Tito 1960-1980 1980: Kosovo independence movement, 1981 Put down

Question 33

BOSNIAN GENOCIDE: Why 1995?

Answer 33

Economic & political problems late 1980s --\> End Cold War, Lose Special Status, Oil Crisis, Debt IMF structural adjustments---\> conditional loans for Multiparty system SANU-Memorandum 1986: Claim Serbian oppression, Ustase returning to power, greater Serbia, denounced by Serbian pres., Milosovic support Milosevic rides the waves of nationalism, Kosovo, Communist into nationalist party ---\> Media declares Serbs under attack Slovenia: 1991 Independence Croatia: 1991 • Nationalist party led by Tudjman, Greater Croatia Proclaim independence

Question 34

BOSNIAN GENOCIDE: Why Mass Killing?

Answer 34

Serbians declare open war in Slovenia--\> Open war in Croatia Bosnian Response: Leader Izetbegovic Rotating leadership (Bosnian rules, serb rules, croat rules)  Serbs and Croats abdicate---\> under influence of developments in Serbia no longer want to take part Bosnian independence • EU declares support for independence in both Croatia and Slovenia • Bosnian-Serbs declare independence in response Open war breaks out in Bosnia • Day of the referendum Serbian military invades Bosnia and circles Sarajevo  Claim to defend Yugoslavia RESPONSE: Self-defense units form People flee, mass murder, and rape

Question 35

BOSNIAN GENOCIDE: 1993 Vance-Owen Peace plan

Answer 35

* NATO threatens with airstrikes---\> make peace or BOMB * Peace plan: divide between serbs, croats and Bosnians, Safe-areas for Bosniaks--\> where Bosniaks live and protected by UN Soldiers * UN protection (use of force) * Talks fail-\>Fighting continues

Question 36

BOSNIAN GENOCIDE: Sebrenic

Answer 36

• Falls to Bosnia Serb militias (led by Mladic) • 400 Dutch UN soldiers meant protect Bosnians from Croats, don't NATO intervention  “Operation Deliberate Force”

Question 37

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE: MELSON

Answer 37

Social revolution linked to genocide: - -\> Social revolutions are likely to pass through a radical phase in which revolutionary vanguards attempt to destroy their supposed enemies and to create a new political community in line with their ideologies. - --\> Social revolutions create opportunities for movements that had espoused genocide even before the revolution to seize power and to implement their policies. - -\> Regimes opposing revolutions may use genocidal methods not only against their political enemies but against the social groups from which their opponents spring.

Question 38

Armenian Genocide and Holocaust--MELSON

Answer 38

(1) Despised minorities undergoing rapid social mobilization and adaptation to the modern world  the social mobilization of despised minorities made them targets of genocidal movements (2) Both imperial regimes were swept away by revolution and war and both were succeeded by revolutionary vanguards who became the perpetrators of the two genocides  revolutions-created the conditions for genocidal movements to come to power and radicalized the views of revolutionary vanguards who had seized power (3) occurred in the midst of major wars.  wartime facilitated the implementation of genocide as a policy of the state.