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Sociology 216 > Midterm 1: CH 1,3,5,7 > Flashcards

Midterm 1: CH 1,3,5,7 Flashcards

1
Q

the word media comes from the latin word:

A

medius, meaning ‘middle’

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2
Q

how much time do Americans sped watching tv a day?

A

more than 5 hours

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3
Q

how much time do people ages 8-18 spend on media?

A

more 7.5 hours a day (this involves multitasking media, which comes out to more than 10 hours of content in that 7.5 hours)

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4
Q

what is the social construction of reality?

A

human societies organize and structure the world in particular ways that constructs their reality

  • normalized and naturalized
  • it can be arranged differently (but we forget its socially constructed)
  • language is crucial in its construction
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5
Q

the media (broad definition):

A

includes transnational corporations, communication via technology, journalism, TV, etc
-the media is made up of businesses

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6
Q

history of the media (timeline)

A 
100 AD: printing in China
mid 15th century: Gutenberg's printing press
16th century: first newspaper 
1876: telephone
1894: motion picture 
1900: radio programs 
1933: tv 
1990: WWW (internet)
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7
Q

socialization:

A

the processes by which we learn and internalize the values, beliefs, and norms of our culture

  • develops of sense of self
  • learn our social roles
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8
Q

how has the media effected social relations?

A
  • we get majority of our knowledge from the media, not experience
  • less personal interaction
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9
Q

how much time does the average internet user spend on the web a week? which country has the most frequent, heavy users?

A

36 hours a week

-Canada

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10
Q

3 types of social relations:

A
  1. between institutions (ex. media and the Gov)
  2. within an institution: interactions of individuals in their institutional roles & positions (ex. interaction between a screenwriter & CEO)
  3. between institutions & individuals (ex. the use of media products by audiences and readers)
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11
Q

structure:

A

describes any recurring pattern of social behaviour (expected behaviour)

  • can be limiting as it creates pressure to fit into society’s structures
    ex) family structure–> 2 hetero parents, children, dad works, mom at home
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12
Q

agency:

A

intentional and undetermined human action

  • independent action
  • there is tension between structure and agency
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13
Q

structure and agency in 3 types of social relations:

A
  1. between institutions: how do non-media social structures (Gov) affect the media industry?
  2. within an institution: how does the structure of the media industry affect media personnel & their products?
  3. between institutions & individuals: how does the mass media influence the audience of media messages? (no intimate connection)
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14
Q

the social world is a constant flow and interconnection between 4 things:

A

readers/audience, technology, media industry, and media products

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15
Q

how has the media effected socialization?

A

-gives users more control and power (what kind of media, for how long, how much)

early days of media–> rise of newspapers & radio= imagined community, influenced by the state
modern day–> challenges norms while enforcing them, spend more time, effects of ads

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16
Q

negative impacts of the media:

A
  • creates a false reality (ex. increased fear of crime even though crime rates have fallen)
  • creates unnecessary fear (Trump!)
  • audiences learn and internalize the media’s values and beliefs
  • decreased personal interaction
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17
Q

political socialization:

A

the process through which democratic societies instill the proper norms among their members to maintain social institutions and practices

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18
Q

gender socialization:

A

the learning of behaviour and attitudes considered appropriate for a given sex

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19
Q

social media marketing:

A

the process of promoting your site or business through social media channels
-brings in massive amounts of viewer traffic

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20
Q

how is the media economically influenced?

A
  • the media is a business that strives to maximize profits, contain costs and evolve ownership patterns
  • media products are a result of social processes of production which occurs in an institutional framework
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21
Q

production perspective:

A

emphasizes the media process over the specific products of consumption

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22
Q

Bagdikian identified the 5 major media corporations:

A
  1. Walt Disney
  2. Time Warner
  3. Viacom
  4. News Corporation
  5. Berteismann
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23
Q

the movie industry is dominated by what companies? (each company is owned by a larger corporation)

A
  1. Universal Pictures
  2. Paramount
  3. Warner Bros
  4. 20th Century Fox
  5. Sony Pictures
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24
Q

which company dominates tv and internet as a provider?

A

Comcast

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25
Q

which “Big Five” companies dominate the book industry?

A
  1. Penguin Random House
  2. Harper Collins
  3. Simon & Schuster
  4. Hachette
  5. McMillan
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26
Q

which magazine dominates the industry? who is it owned by?

A

Time magazine

  • owned by Warner Bros
  • -> 21 US magazine publications reach more than 138 million people (half the adult US population)
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27
Q

what 3 major music companies dominate the industry?

A
  1. Universal
  2. Sony
  3. Warner
    - each control a number of smaller labels and subsidiaries
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28
Q

which company dominates radio? how many US listeners a month?

A

Clear Channel

-over 237 million listeners a month

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29
Q

which company dominates the live music industry? how many shows do they put on a year?

A 
Live Nation (owner of Ticket Master)
-produces over 22,000 shows a year for 2,300 artists
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30
Q

conglomerate:

A

a giant company that owns a collection of other companies that operate in many different business areas

  • most media users are unaware of how many media outlets a single company owns
    ex) Comcast has holdings in tv (broadcast & cable), internet, phone, film, websites, themeparks and sports
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31
Q

Local newspaper monopoly:

A

The decline in local newspaper competition is a threat to the free press

  • leads to less vertical diversity
  • quasi-monopoly leads to less horizontal diversity
  • genuine competition=increased diversity (this was a study in 1989, not much evidence to prove this)
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32
Q

Diversity in the music industry:

A 
Increased diversity (# of new songs & artists) when market concentration decreased (less firms) BUT
-Lopes' study found that in 1969-1990, little evidence that diversity was effected
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33
Q

Closed system (in the music industry):

A

major companies use a limited number of familiar channels to produce and distribute popular music on the charts

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34
Q

Open system (in the music industry):

A

Major companies control large-scale manufacturing, distribution, and publicity but use semi-autonomous producers to maintain the vitality of popular music
-the key to continued diversity

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35
Q

Concentration within the media effects the relationships within conglomerates. What 2 types of interaction describe this concentration of ownership?

A

horizontal and vertical

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36
Q

horizontal integration:

A

the process by which one company buys different kinds of media and concentrates ownership across different industries to support each other
ex) Harry Potter–> movie, promotion of website (internet), stories about cast/production (magazines/newspaper), commercials (tv), soundtrack (music)

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37
Q

vertical integration:

A

the process by which one owner acquires all aspects of production and distribution of a single type of media product (overall, better control over the entire process of creating, producing, marketing & distributing
ex) acquiring scripts & actors from a talent agency, creating manufacturing plants to produce dvd’s

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38
Q

synergy:

A

components of a company working together to create benefits that would otherwise be impossible for a single, separately operated unit of the company

  • conglomerates are likely to favour products that an be exploited by other components of the conglomerate
    ex) Harry Potter= book, movie, soundtrack, etc (horizontal)
    ex) a company with a movie studio can highlight its own flms on its cable tv channels (vertical)
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39
Q

why are smaller companies part of conglomerates instead of working independently?

A
  • so much can be produced from one idea by a conglomerate
  • conglomerates carry power in the industry making it hard to compete with them
  • its expensive to create productions as elaborate as conglomerate products
  • -> results in seeing content from only a couple conglomerates (no variety?)
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40
Q

how has conglomerates changed the news industry?

A

prior to 1980s, news wasn’t expecte to generate a profit

  • now news must attract audiences and make a profit through advertising
  • resulted in an increase in entertainment and celebrity news and advertising during news casts
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41
Q

how has conglomerates effected journalism?

A
  • journalism is now more business focused, puts an emphasis on entertaining rather than informing
  • business degree > journalism experience
  • more colourful, dramatic stories
  • no longer an editor, but a ‘content manager’
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42
Q

what are some problems with media control?

A
  • possible homogenization
  • exclusion & repetition
  • consent is manufactured, dissent is marginalized
  • may be biased (ex. Fox News blatantly supports conservatives)
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43
Q

some points about the media voice..

A
  • media outlets rely on the perception of being ‘objective’
  • the corporate voice in media has become generalized, it is now seen as the ‘American’ view
  • it has the power to influence public policy
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44
Q

why has there been a decrease in audience/viewers (& thus, decrease in ad revenue) in the tv industry?

A

the rise of Netflix and other internet tv providers

  • increased availability of free content online
  • some cable and satellite tv providers allow users to record and fast-forward ads.
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45
Q

in the tv industry, there has been rapid growth over the last couple decades of what kinds of shows?

A

talent shows, game shows, and reality tv

  • its cheap, and fairly easy to produce (unscripted)
  • it only takes a small audience to cover the costs of producing
  • drama & conflict
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46
Q

how does mass media achieve profit? (primetime profits)

A

by broadcasting programs that’ll attract large audiences, and thus, sell off advertising at premium rates

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47
Q

how has the news changed on tv?

A

demand for news has decreased which = cost cutbacks and thus, can employ less employees, and cover less ‘this-just-in’ stories (expensive!)
-increase in light, fun news (celebrity and entertainment news)

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48
Q

why has there been a decrease in audience/viewers (& thus, decrease in ad revenue) in the tv industry?

A

the rise of Netflix and other internet tv providers

-some cable and satellite tv providers allow users to record and fast-forward ads.

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49
Q

which company owns the most cable and internet wires into American’s homes?

A

Comcast

-they also own major corporations

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50
Q

with the changes in tv (less viewers & less ‘real news’), how has advertising changed to counteract these changes?

A

with audiences’ ability to block out ads, ad companies have needed to integrate products directly into media content

  • advertisers do not care what kind of content the media shows, they only care about that type of media’s ability to lure in audiences as ‘bait’
  • the media simply “delivers audiences to advertisers”
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51
Q

branded entertainment:

A

describes media content that is closely associated with specific brand-name products

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52
Q

The British Press in 1977 according to Curran… what happened?

A

British newspaper won freedom from Government control as they became more independent due to financial support from advertisers (=economic independence)

  • created newspapers with more pages and colour
  • enabled the industry to reduce cover price
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53
Q

these ‘sneaky’ ads go beyond film.. in what other ways has advertisers promoted their products other than brand integration? (3 examples)

A
  • free magizines at doctor’s offices
  • Channel One news programming in schools (schools are given free tv equipment if they promise to show those ads to students)
  • Mircosoft teaching kids at low-income schools how to use their products
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54
Q

The US Press in 1992 according to Baldasty… what changed?:

A

until the late 1800s, the paper had been largely funded by political parties then shifted to a commercially based press.. they changed the newspaper’s purpose (business>politics)
-news began to avoid controversy, and have more entertainment components

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55
Q

what was the situation like in Britain for the working class radical newspapers?

A

they could not receive the support of advertisers due to political differences & had to cease production (they did not successfully move toward press freedom)

  • advertisers did not want to reach those audiences anyway, they wanted middle/upper class groups as they could afford to buy the products
  • radical papers had a hard time competing with the large, colourful, ad-filled papers
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56
Q

The US Press in 1992 according to Baldasty… what changed?:

A

until the late 1800s, the paper had been largely funded by political parties then shifted to a commercially based press.. they changed the newspaper’s purpose (business>politics)
-news began to avoid controversry,

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57
Q

overall, what major shift did the newspaper industry undergo from the beginning of the 19th century to the end?

A

early 19th century: advocates for political press

mid/late 19th century: advocates for advertising

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58
Q

what effect did the rise of advertising have on journalists?

A

ads are a force that constrain and influence journalism and the news
-journalists do not intentionally set out to produce ad-friendly news

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59
Q

self-censorship:

A

the ways reporters doubt themselves, tone down their work, omit small items, or drop entire stories to avoid pressure, eliminate bias, or advance their careers
-only 41% of journalists do this

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60
Q

what type of advertising is the most extensive in newspapers?

A

real estate and cars

  • additional coverage on music, computers, health, and fashion further opens the channels for ads
  • aim to reach audiences that can afford their products
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61
Q

what tactics those the newspaper employ to gain readers, and thus, advertising viewers?

A
  • avoids negativity (negativity puts readers in a negative mindset which discourages consumerism & their reaction to ads)
  • restricts news to how the poor effect the upper and middle class rather than stories about the poor (audience targeting to attract consumers)
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62
Q

what struggles do advertisers face in the online market?

A

Ad-Block

  • click past ads (YouTube ads for ex)
  • pop-ups annoy users and are not effective
63
Q

despite the struggles advertisers face with the online market, what tactic or platforms have they found to be most successful?

A

> social media platforms are goldmines for ads!
-they are customized based on the user’s demographics, likes, and interests
downloadable video games/apps
-lots of brand integration

64
Q

there is increasing fragmentation of the media audience… why?

A
  • mass media does not play the same role anymore, it is no longer is one message
  • niche media now aims for smaller audiences that are likely to already be interested in certain products (ex. advertising cookware on a cooking show)
65
Q

Reporters Without Borders:

A

surveys the top 3 democratic countries (Finland, Netherlands & Norway) and the top 3 authoritarian countries (Turkmenistan, North Korea, & Eritrea)

  • looks at media legislation, economic pressure on media & journalist violence
  • the USA ranked 32nd in most democratic
66
Q

totalitarian systems:

A

state-owned news agencies, broadcast media, and film act as propaganda arms of the state

  • narrow Government approved content
    ex) Nazi Germany and North Korea
67
Q

authoritarian systems:

A

hire sympathetic bloggers and tweets to spread messages

  • involves censorship and surveillance
    ex) China
68
Q

democratic systems:

A

freedom of the press and expression, still subject to some to some Government regulation
-control is largely by commercial corporations

69
Q

what does the First Amendment do?

A

protect the freedom of expression in the press (‘first freedom’)

  1. treated the licensing of the press as a case of illegal “prior restraint”
  2. it developed a tradition of opposing special taxes on the press
  3. it greatly restricted criminal libel suite
70
Q

section 8 of article 1 in the US constitution does what? (hint, does almost the opposite of the First Amendment)

A
  • gives congress the right to intervene in:
    1. the communications market place to protect authors and inventors
    2. promote science and the arts to advance public interest
71
Q

deregulation believes in what?

A
  • a free market system
  • believes consumers can use their discretion and choose what to watch/support
  • no need for Government intervention
  • consumers should control the media
72
Q

regulation believes in what?

A
  • supports what is best for public interest

- supports Government regulation

73
Q

Federal Communications Commission (FCC):

A

est. 1934
- 5 commissioners who are appointed by the president for 5 year terms
- regulates interstate and international communications by radio, TV, wire, satellite and cable
- balances public interest by protecting the interests of various groups (creates diversity)
- is continuously changing in accordance with changing technology and economic advances

74
Q

what’s the problem with ‘serving public interest’?

A

public interest is a malleable term with no set definition

-“what exactly is the public’s interest?!!”- deregulation’s main argument against regulation

75
Q

European nations had a very different media system prior to the 1980s than we do in North America… they justify Gov. regulation as a method to avoid signal interference. what are the characteristics of their system?

A
  1. emphasized on public service programs
  2. was national in character
  3. was politicized
  4. was non-commercial
    - this meant adopting a state monopoly system (BBC)
    - some countries have now allowed for state-run privately owned systems
    - in most countries, the Gov controls organization and financing, while the programming was independent
76
Q

since the 1980s, what has changed about European media?

A
  • reduced regulations
  • increased open competition between pubic and commercial stations
  • introduction of ads in public stations
  • increase in imported public content
  • increase in corporate conglomerates
  • free market (=more sexual and violent content to attract audiences)
  • stiff fines for violations (ex. showing violent programs during kid’s hours)
77
Q

who benefits from Gov. regulation in the media? who is constrained?

A

-politicians can manipulate the media to benefit them (they know the legal ways around it)
-mot companies advocate for Gov regulation, though they disagree on what kind of regulation
>the media could not exist in its current form without some kind of Gov regulation (copyright enforcement, broadcast licensing, etc)

78
Q

there is constant debate over ownership and control, specifically on licensing, what happened in the 1977 Pirate Radio case?

A

-FCC confiscated electronic broadcasting equipment from Brewer’s home due to his lack of licensing for his low-power radio broadcast

79
Q

what excuse did the Gov. use to avoid giving out licenses for low-power radio?

A

they stated that low-power broadcasts could interfere with important signals from licensed airwaves
–>FCC later proved that this isn’t true and started licensing to low-power mirco-broadcasters in 2000 (they were still restricted to only a few dozen by the NAB)

80
Q

what did the Local Community Radio Act do in 2011?

A

mandated the FCC to expand the broadcasting spectrum to community and mirco channels

81
Q

media technology has changed…

A
  • the rules that historically controlled print, broadcast and common carriers have changed (protectd monopolies)
  • the Internet has enabled everyone to produce content
82
Q

ownership patterns have changed…

A
  • increase in the amount of capital needed to create state of the art media
  • freedom of the press exists only for those who can afford it
  • media has moved away from locally owned media (many are now part of national or international conglomerates)
83
Q

what are some changes in ownership that the FCC made in the 1990s?

A
  • regulated the number of tv and radio stations one company can ow to avoid monopolies and keep diversity (Telecommunications Act later eased this restriction)
  • FCC restricted cross ownership of 2 media outlets in a single city
  • dual-network rule created to prohibit a merger between the big 4 companies
  • continued deregulation despite these restrictions
84
Q

fair use:

A

allows creators to quote from copyrighted works without permission for the purpose of education, commentary, and criticism

85
Q

1790 Copyright Act:

A

authors were given exclusive rights to their content for 14 years
-all forms of reproduction for sale are illegal to protect authors and publishers

86
Q

1998 Copyright Term Extension Act (also called the Mickey Mouse Protection Act):

A
  • remolded 1790 Copyright Act
  • authors were given exclusive rights to their work for their lifetime PLUS 70 years
  • corporate authorship has the rights for 120 years after creation, or 95 years after publication (whichever is shorter)
87
Q

Intellectual Property Rights:

A

protects visual, sound, and computer software products under copyright laws

88
Q

Peer to Peer (P2P):

A

allows internet users to share copyrighted digital files with other users for free by allowing others to search your hard-drive

  • infringement of copyright laws (ex. Napster, Limewire, Pirate Bay)
  • YouTube has a copyright flag system to avoid breaking those laws
89
Q

the media is typically pro-Government regulation i the case of copyright laws, why?

A

it protects their ideas and profits

90
Q

Creative Commons licenses:

A

non-profit organization that offers free legal tools to protect the use of creative work while maximizing the amount of free material for legal sharing, use, re-purposing, and remixing
-“some rights reserved”= creative commons license

91
Q

what are the fin-syn rules? what do they do?

A

fin-syn= financial interest and syndication rules

  • made in 1970 to avoid monopolies and acquire financial interests and syndication rights by the 3 major tv networks
  • encourages a competitive marketplace by forcing producers to buy programing from independent producers
  • these rules dominated for 20 years, fear of monopoly decreased later
92
Q

prior to 1996, TV companies could not own phone services, why?

A

-could create a ‘single wire’ monopoly

93
Q

net neutrality legislation (Internet Policy Statement) was created in 2009 to do what?

A
  • mandates that internet service providers cannot discriminate against the content on some sites
  • created to avoid companies from redirecting internet content to their own business, or blocking out competition
  • stops internet providers from speeding up sites they favour over others
    ex) Mircosoft was fined for this 4x in 12 years
94
Q

two tier internet:

A

FCC policy change in 2010 allows internet companies to charge for the amount of data consumers use a month
-creates a division among users, those that can afford it and those that cannot

95
Q

Liberal view on media:

A
  • regulation to protect public by avoiding domination of private sector
  • believes the market is not self-regulating
  • supports publicly owned media
  • supports regulation that encourages diversity
  • essential to the ruling class’ “system of control”
  • top down control
    ex) Howard Stern
96
Q

Conservative view on media:

A
  • believes in individual property rights and a free market
  • supports restricting media content to protect youth
  • opposes regulation for the sake of diversity
  • wants to regulate ownership, not content
  • wants multiple voices, diversity, competition
  • does not believe in a mass media elite (but to the extent that there is one, its balanced with alternative media)
97
Q

Fairness Doctrine 1949-1987

A

goal: to protect serious coverage of public issues to ensure diversity and to prevent a single viewpoint from dominating
1) required broadcasters to cover public issues
2) required broadcasters to provide contrasting views
- revoked in 1987 after a major push for deregulation (scarcity of content was no longer a fear either)

98
Q

Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA):

A

created the first film rating system in 1968

-has constantly been revised to change with the times

99
Q

Parent’s Music Resource Center (PMRC):

A

created music’s “explicit content” warning system in 1985

-5% of music albums is recent years have the label

100
Q

Entertainment Software Rating Board:

A
  • created in 1994 to assign ratings to video games
  • created voluntarily
  • video games are protected by the First Amendment as its considered ‘art’
101
Q

web 2.0:

A

refers to internet applications that facilitate user interaction, collaboration, and information sharing
-poses the challenge of protecting minors from cyber bullying

102
Q

FTC:

A

handles most cases of deceptive or fraudulent advertising

103
Q

Securities and Exchange Commission:

A

oversees stock/bond advertising

104
Q

CRTC (Canadian Radio-Television & Telecommunications):

A

regulates the amount of Canadian content shown own Canadian TV

  • licensing
  • makes decisions on mergers
  • approve certain agreements/tariffs in the industry
  • encourage competition
  • responds to concerns about content
105
Q

Transportation Department:

A

responsible for airline ads

106
Q

national interest:

A

the goals and ambitions of a nation that strives to protect military operations and monitor people’s online behaviour with the goal of combating terrorism

107
Q

Vietnam and the media:

A
  • the media did not trust the Pentagon’s info on the status of the war as they both showed different realities
  • the first war to have extensive media coverage
108
Q

the military’s relationship to the media:

A
  • has massive PR to project a positive image of the military (hired press personnel)
  • developed a strategy for controlling dissemination of info from the media to public (creation of press pool)
  • many critics thought the military had gone too far in restricting, but the general public supported it
109
Q

press pool:

A

the Pentagon’s attempt to control the info that journalists would report during conflict by limiting the number of media personnel
-this effectively controlled information on military operations

110
Q

USA Patriot Act:

A

came out after 9/11, increased the ability of law enforcement to search email, telephone and internet use
-faced scrutiny and lawsuits

111
Q

Rupert Murdoch

A

owner of Fox
-started career by buying up newspapers in Australia and England which he then turned into tabloids full of sex, scandal and celebrities

112
Q

the Fourth Estate:

A

most commonly refers to the news media, especially print journalism or “the press”

113
Q

ideology:

A

a system of meaning that helps define and explain the world

  • the consciousness of a society
  • based on Marx
114
Q

false consciousness:

A

when the subordinate class accepts the ideology of ruling class in which created a worldview that benefited ruling class

115
Q

hegemony:

A

asserting power through consent and commonsense, create an idea that is accepted as ‘natural’ or ‘the way things are’

  • commonsense assumptions are socially constructed (when we accept them, we accept a set of beliefs or ideology about social relations)
  • is not permanent or set in stone
116
Q

cultural wars (Hunter):

A

battles over ideology and morality

  • cultural warfare is waged through ads, news, letters to the editor, and opinion columns
  • abortion, homosexuality, or capital punishment is debated, often in very polarized terms, in the mass media, as cultural conservatives and cultural progressives alike use various media technologies to promote their positions
117
Q

Stuart Hall’s politics of signification:

A

media is involved in producing images of the world that give events a particular meaning
-media does not reflect the world, it represents it

118
Q

the new’s focus on elites:

A

presents images of the world that lack in diversity

119
Q

politic’s focus on insiders:

A

means that a small group of analysts are regular commentators and sources regardless of their wisdom or past

  • to be considered an insider is the same as being seen as an ‘expert’
  • exclusion of outsider opinions
120
Q

economic news:

A

focuses largely on investors, not consumers, workers, producers
-largely business news that is directed at corporate actors and investors

121
Q

what is the role of movies in producing ideology?

A

the typical construction of the main characters produce the dominant ideology (good/evil, courage/coward, strength/weakness)

122
Q

the role of Vietnam films in the US:

A
  • portrays Americans as the good guys
  • serves as some kind of redemption
  • overcome “Vietnam” syndrome
  • national pride
  • remasculization of the country
  • create a new brand of toughness
123
Q

the issues surrounding rap music:

A

rap offers a different perspective/interpretation of society

  • challenges aspects of power an inequality
  • refuses dominant ideology surrounding minorities
  • presents a critique but is full of contradictions
  • its a commodity
  • not always % oppositional, adheres to tradition views typically on gender and sexuality
124
Q

Ads as the seller of products:

A
  • they are specific to their product/service (if you use Axe, girls will clinge to you)
  • makes buying power a measure of virtue and freedom
  • normalizes middle/upper class lifestyles
  • elevates certain values to a religious status
125
Q

consumer culture (beginning in early 20th century):

A
  • ad’s focus on creating consumers rather than the product
  • built on consumer insecurities by marketing to them
  • new products as ‘tickets’ to modern world
  • ignores exploitation of workers, the wage gap, unethnical treatment of humans and animals
126
Q

problems with woman’s magazines:

A

-FULL of ads “woman’s advertising magazine”
-creates the illusion that certain products will solve your problems
-sets out expectations and standard, a look that can be sold “get this look”
-

127
Q

the Big 7 multinational conglomerates:

A
  1. Time Warner
  2. Murdoch’s News Corporation
  3. Bertelsmann of Germany
  4. Viacom (CBS)
  5. Disney
  6. General Electric’s NBC
  7. Sony
128
Q

large media companies in Canada:

A

GTVglobemedia, CanWest Global, Rogers, Shaw, Astral, Newcap, Quebecoor
*each holds a mix of tv, radio, newspaper, magazine, internet

129
Q

CRTC’s rules that restrict how big a media business can get are:

A

1) one company cannot control more than 2 types of media in a local market (tv, newspaper, radio)
2) no company can control more than 45% of total tv audience in Canada
3) not approve transactions between cable or satellite delivery providers that would allow one entity to effectively control the delivery of programming in a market

130
Q

Radio Authority (RA) and Independent Television Commission (ITC) in the UK do what?

A
  • broad licensing powers
  • can sanction broadcasters who breach licensing conditions
  • BBS is not subject to their licensing
  • appointed by Gov, but independent
  • funded by their licensing fees
131
Q

Australian Broadcasting Authority (ABA) does what?

A

Responsible for the regulation of media in:

  • ownership and control
  • planning and licensing
  • research into broadcasting issues
  • online services, digital broadcasting and data casting
132
Q

partisan bias:

A

explicitly and deliberately promoting/ supporting a political party; may be in a form of direct recommendation in editorial.

133
Q

propaganda bias:

A

where a whole story is reported with the deliberate intention of making the case for particular party or policy or point of view, without explicitly stating this.

134
Q

unwritting bias:

A
  • hard choices have to be made about what to include and what to exclude.
  • decisions about the ‘importance’ to be given to a story and this judgment may form a bias, but not conscious or deliberate
135
Q

ideological bias:

A

hidden and unintended bias
-it can be detected only in a close reading of the text, where the hidden assumptions and value judgments can be revealed

136
Q

regulative censorship:

A

are the rules put into place by a body empowered to make regulations.

137
Q

constitutive censorship:

A

involves a variety of constitutive or sociological processes that establish normative expectations for behaviour

138
Q

market censorship:

A

the use of commercial or manufacturing resources to control and shape consumer access to material goods

139
Q

Marxist view of media:

A
  • working class depends on the media’s info for defining their political interests
  • believes mass media exercises maximum influence where there is little or no class organization
  • class organization tones down the media’s impact
140
Q

hypodermic model (silver bullet model) states what?

A

the media injects messages directly into the public’s bloodstream
-the direct and powerful influence on the public

141
Q

mass society model believes what?

A

believes media plays a crucial role in homogenizing population and decreases interpersonal relations

  • trends toward isolation, creates a cultural melting pot
  • not a popular school of thought anymore
142
Q

the minimal effects model believes what?

A

believes that the media’s impact is weak and short lived

  • class and religion carry more importance
  • media reinforces existing beliefs rather than change them
  • recognizes individual’s agency
143
Q

3 reasons for the gap between theory and popular perception?

A
  1. researchers only looked at a narrow range of media effect issues
  2. mistakenly equated the absence of factual learning with the absence of media influence (ignored the unintended effects of media)
  3. had difficulty differentiating the media’s influence with others
144
Q

what is the gap between theory and popular perception?

A

refers to researchers believing media had little influence on beliefs, while the public thought it did

145
Q

media-reader interaction (theories on gap):

A

media info and interpersonal communication are complimentary halves of the total info whole

146
Q

political socialization theory (theories on gap):

A

the media’s influence in political socialization varies with age and the amount of media exposure
-contrary to the two-step model (personal influence is more dominant than media)

147
Q

cultivation theory (theories on gap):

A

TV plays a homogenizing role for otherwise heterogeneous populations

  • influence occurs due to lengthy TV exposure in general
  • ‘mainstreaming effect’= heavy viewers do not realize the reality of what they’re seeing on TV (ex. crime rates on tv are high, low in reality)
148
Q

social movements (SM):

A

ask the media to communicate their message to the public while the media sees movements as potential news
-this leaves the media with the upper hand

149
Q

2 fold task of SMs:

A

1) they must convince media gatekeepers that they are worthy of coverage
2) they must work to influence the nature of the media coverage they receive (must frame their message)

150
Q

Gamson and Wolfsfeld suggest that SMs rely on the media for 3 things:

A

1) mobilization of political support
2) legitimization/validation in mainstream discourse
3) to broaden the scope of conflicts
* the quality and nature of SMs in the public eye can make or break it

151
Q

political campaigns and the internet:

A

first used in 1996, gave politicians control, independence and freedom to create their own image of them-self in the media, rely less on press

152
Q

e-democracy:

A

the use of information and communication technologies in political and governance processes
-easier communication, can speak your opinion online

153
Q

cultural imperialism thesis:

A

the idea that the introduction of Western media products into other countries (especially developing ones) contributed to a decline in local traditional values and instead promoted capitalism
-created dependence on the US for cultural productions

Sociology 216 (2 decks)

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